Entomology Flashcards
What is physiological time?
The measure of the amount of heat required over time for an insect to develop
Honeybees have an internal clock which they can “tell time.” Who was the scientist that figured that out and what was his experiment?
Niko Tinbergen, he put food out at a specific time each day, eventually the bees only came at that time of day even if there wasn’t food.
List the three types of position mechanoreceptors in insects.
stress, stretch, hair plate
What are imaginal discs?
The specialized tissues inside larval insects from which the appendages such as wings, are grown internally until metamorphosis
How many generations in a year does a bivoltine insect have?
2
What is cryptobiosis?
The ability of an insect to complete dehydrate itself, halting its metabolism, but staying aline until the next time it rains.
What color do insects not see?
red
What is habitual learning?
an enduring or permanent changing in behavior that occurs as a result of experience or practice
What is diapause?
Physiological state of dormancy in response to regular and reoccurring periods of poor environmental conditions, with normal development resuming only after particular stimuli are received and not just when conditions become favorable
What is ommatidia?
Structure that makes up insects compound eye, they are hundreds or thousands of these individual structures.
What structure is used in locus to make their mating call? what sex has this structure?
Tymbal, Males
What is a pheromone?
A substance secreted by an individual and received by another which then causes a specific reaction in the receiver.
What is puddling?
A food item given by a male to a female in order to encourage copulation.
How did the Bee Wolves find their way back to their nest after foraging in Niko Tinbergen?
Land marks and pine cones
In addition to compound eyes what other types of eyes can insects have? Which insects have these?
Ocelli - Adults
Stemmata - larva of holometabolous
Name three pheromone types other than the sex pheromones discussed in class.
aggression, alarm, and trail marking
Name four functions of the male insect accessory gland.
Lubrication, nourishment to female, package sperm, endures ovipositor, and repress female enticement for other males
What is swarming?
The most basic characteristic and fundamental behavior in insects used to find mates.
In the presence of unlimited food what is the limiting factor on growth rate for an insect?
Temperature
Which 2 stages in insect development have the highest mortality rate?
Egg and first larvae
What is migration?
Moving from a home range in order to track resources in spaces rather than time.
What is the structure used to deposite eggs in a specific spot and what are the two different types?
ovipositor
appendicular, substitutional
What is photoperiod?
The amount of daylight in a 24 hour period.
What is the act of rubbing two body parts together in order to generate a sound?
Stridulation
How do the compound eyes of predatory insects differ?
They are larger and closer together than herbivorous insects
What is lek?
When males aggregate in an area an engage in competitive displays in order to entice females.
What did we discuss about polyembryony? (on the quizlet)
We discussed an example of a parasitic wasp laid a single egg in a caterpillar egg and while the wasp larvae were devouring the caterpillar thousands of wasps emerged. (In summary one egg led to thousands of individuals)
What organs are responsible for detecting sounds and sending signals to the nervous system?
Chordotonal organs
Compare and contrast sex attraction pheromone vs courtship pheromone.
sex attraction pheromones are released typically by female. she releases them while she is flying in a ‘flume’, the male will pick up the pheromone and follow it is in a zig zag pattern until he can eventually find her. then the courtship pheromone is releases by the male, male releases it and it is a aphrodisiac meaning it will make the women ready for copulation and it is a sedative to make the female more docile. both are pheromones and create a behavioral response.
Compare and contrast thelytoky vs arrgenotoky.
parthogenesis, result in eggs that are not fertilized. thelytoky results in females from unfertilized eggs, and arrhenotoky results in males from unfertilized eggs.
Compare and contrast direct sperm transfer vs indirect sperm transfer.
Both forms of these sperm transfer results in fertilization of eggs. indirect no copulation, and no interaction between the genitalia. Direct sperm transfer there is direct connect and copulation between the male and female genitalia.
Compare and contrast oviparity vs viviparity.
Both will result larvae/new generations.
Oviparity is laying eggs almost immediately after fertilization, there is in incubation within the female. The eggs spend a majority of time outside the female.
Viviparity, the mother is carrying embryos. it is more similar to a live birth in this sense because the embryos will not hatch from an egg.
Pretend you are honeybee, and find food. how do you communicate to your hive?
Perform the waggle dance, make a figure 8 w my body, intensity of tempo=quality of food, moving fast. angle of the dance, straight part of the figure 8 will signify 60 degrees left of sun is where the food is. the number of cells transversed during the dance, hive will know distance/amount of energy to get there.
Why is paternity important and how do males ensure their paternity.
Males want to ensure paternity, but the spermatheca female can control when/what sperm she is using. can hold onto sperm for long period of time and use whenever.
Mating marathons, love bugs, copulate until almost ready to oviposit, male uses chemicals to ensure she is somewhat sedated.
Dragon flies, they scrap out competitor sperm and deposit their own. carry her around to make sure that she uses his sperm
Non-tympanal receptors are for ______ sound vibrations and tympanal receptors are for ______ sound vibrations.
close (short distance), far away (long distance)
Tactile mechanoreceptor
Hair-like structures that sit in sockets, seta must be moved in order to trigger nerve response, mechanical stimuli
Position Mechanoreceptors
Hair plates, happening at joints in the body, lots of bending
Non-tympanal (more detail)
chordontal organs, these organs cluster together to figure out sounds, can also detect sounds through very fine setae, long = low frequency, short = high frequency
Tympanal (more detail)
long distance airborne reception, they have a structure called a tympanum that has a thin membrane stretched over an air-filled sac and inside of this is a cluster of chordontal organs to detect the vibrations
Tymbal distortion
Rigid Membrane with ribs sitting over an air-filled sac, rapid muscle contraction and relaxation to distort tymbal.
What are two types of chemoreceptors?
uniporous and multi-porous
What is allomone?
Chemical substance produced for communicating between different species
Aggregation pheromone
Used by males and females to get individuals to crowd together so they can 1. Gather mates 2. Protect one another 3. Utilize a scarce resource 4. Overcome plant defense Ex. Western Pine Beetle (Beetles take over the tree’s defense system when they start feeding and eventually inhabit the entire tree).
What are the 5 main functions of insect eyes?
- Determine intensity of light. 2. Acuity = forming of patterns. 3. depth perception. 4. Color recognition. 5. Polarization
What is amphitoky?
Development of both male and females from unfertilized eggs
Ovoviparity
Fertilized eggs incubate insides of females with the nutrients coming from the egg itself and the eggs are laid right before hatching or right after.
Quiescence
Slowed development in response to environmental conditions, but immediate return upon favorable conditions
What is freeze avoidance?
Supercooling of the water inside the body and some produce cryoprotectants.
Poikilothermic
Body temperature changes with ambient temperature. Higher temperature equals faster growth.
