Ento Final Flashcards
1
Q
What is the primary purpose of a flower?
A
To Attract Pollinators
2
Q
What two orders (give scientific name) of insects have the greatest diversity of parasitoid species?
A
Diptera and Hymenoptera
3
Q
An insect that feeds on a single species of plant is known as
A
Monophagous
4
Q
An insect that feeds on many unrelated species of plant is known as a
A
Polyphagous
5
Q
An individual that consumes and kills another individual during a brief encounter, and usually kills many during its lifetime, is called a
A
Predator
6
Q
List three major obstacles the first plant feeding insects would have encountered
A
Hanging onto the leaf
Increased exposure to predators
Difficulty digestion plant material
7
Q
Name three morphological characteristics typical of ectoparasitic insects
A
Flat Bodies, Rows of Hooking Hairs, and No Wings
8
Q
Which type of insect is more diverse and common - predator or herbivore?
A
Herbivore
9
Q
Name four types of sit & wait predatory strategies
A
Ambush
Traps
Lures
Aggressive Mimicry
10
Q
An insect that feeds upon dead and decaying organic matter is a
A
Detritivore
10
Q
Parasitic Hymenoptera with long ovipositors attack concealed/exposed hosts whereas, those with short ovipositors attack concealed/exposed hosts.
A
Concealed
Exposed
11
Q
The insect families (common names are acceptable) that are first responders to a dead body are
A
Blow Flies
House Flies
12
Q
When a cryptic insect is discovered, it still has ways to avoid being eaten. Name three types of secondary defenses discussed in lecture that may be employed by cryptic insects
A
Flash of Color
Flash Eye Spots
Chemical Defenses (Spraying)
13
Q
An insect that obtains its food by stealing resources from another organism is called a
A
Kleptoparasite
14
Q
When an individual of one species uses another species for transport to a suitable habitat, this is known as
A
Phoresy
15
Q
What two orders (use scientific name) are the primary decomposers of dead vertebrates?
A
Diptera and Coleoptera
15
Q
At what stage of decomposition do the pioneer (or first-responder) insects stop coming to a dead body?
A
Black Putrefaction
16
Q
List four ways a parasitoid overcomes the host immune system
A
Avoidance
Evasion
Suppression
Subversion
17
Q
List four types of phytophagy discussed in class (e.g., boring – do not use this one)
A
Leaf Chewing
Plant Mining
Sap Sucking
Gall Inducting
18
Q
The type of crypsis where an insect blends into its surroundings to avoid detection is called
A
Camouflage
19
Q
Bonus (2 pts) What is another cryptic strategy an insect might use to avoid detection?
A
Try to look like somethings that is inedible like wood
20
Q
Light-colored flowers open at night are likely pollinated by
A
Moths
21
Q
An individual that has a long relationship with a host and eventually kills the host is a
A
Parasite
22
Q
The paper wasp queen maintains colony control through the use of
A
Aggression
23
BONUS (2 pts) How does the thread-legged bug use aggressive mimicry to capture prey?
The thread legged bug goes up to spider webs and slightly taps on them to make the spider think it has caught a meal. When the spider goes to catch it's prey, the thread legged bug attacks and kills the spider and makes it his meal.
24
Define hyperparasitism
The parasite of a parasite. (Wasp lays an egg inside an aphid. Those eggs hatch into larvae. Another wasp lays eggs inside those larvae)
25
An organism that spends its life in the nest of another organism is called a
Inquiline
26
Plants produce many floral awards for pollinators. ______________ produced by plants is the high sugar reward and _______________________ is the high protein reward.
Nectar
Pollen
26
List three characteristics required for an insect species to be considered eusocial
Reproductive Division of Labor
Cooperative Brood Care
Overlapping Generations
27
Who or what determines whether a honey bee larva will develop into a worker or new queen
Diet
28
Ant species where a queen takes over an existing ant colony of another species by killing the queen and then sends workers out to raid additional ant colonies to bring back developing young ants are known as
a. kleptoparasite ants
b. slave-making ants
c. parasitoid ants
d. degenerates
Slave Making Ants
28
Less showy flowers with a rotten meat odor are likely pollinated by
a. beetles
b. butterflies
c. moths
d. flies
e. bees
Flies
29
The first pollinators of plants were likely what order of insects?
a. Diptera
b. Coleoptera
c. Lepidoptera
d. Hymenoptera
e. Hemiptera
Coleoptera
30
Raptorial forelimbs are a common characteristic found in what type of insect?
a. Parasites
b. Tunnelers
c. Predators
d. Swimmers
e. Jumpers
Predators
30
Name for Blattodea
Roaches and Termites
31
Name for Hymneoptera
Bees, Ants, and Wasps
31
Name for Odonata
Dragonflies and Damselflies
32
Name for Diptera
Flies
33
Name for Lepidoptera
Butterflies and Moths
34
Name for Orthoptera
Grasshoppers, Katydids, and Crickets
34
Name for Collembola
Springtails
35
Name for Mecoptera
Scorpionflies and Hangingflies
36
Name for Archaeognatha
Bristletails
37
Name for Matodea
Mantises
38
Name for Dermaptera
Earwigs
38
Name for Psocodea
Bark Lice and Parasitic Lice
38
Name for Thysanoptera
Thrips
39
Name for Trichoptera
Caddissflies
40
Name for Neuroptera
Lacewings and Antlions
40
Name for Coleoptera
Beetles
41
Name for Ephemeroptera
Mayflies
42
Name for Plecoptera
Stoneflies
43
Name for Hemiptera
True Bugs, Cicadas, and Aphids
44
Name for Pterygota
Winged Insects
45
BONUS (2 pts) How does the human botfly find it’s host?
Adult botflies will lay their eggs on mosquitos and when the mosquitos go in for a blood meal, the botfly larvae will burrow into the host.
45
Name the four most diverse insect orders (give scientific names)
Coleoptera
Lepidoptera
Hymenoptera
Diptera
46
Use the table below to compare and contrast idiobionts and koinobionts using generalizations we discussed in class about the biology of each type of parasitoid.
Idiobionts -
Host is eaten immediately by larvae
Shorter larval time
Needs a full grown host or several hosts
Concealed hosts
Ectoparasatoid
Generalists common
Koinobiont -
Host develops to maturity or certain size before consumed
Longer larval time
Can target any stage host
Exposed hosts
Endoparasatoid
Specialists common
46
You’re in a forest studying insects and you notice there are many different species of stinging wasp and all share similar black and yellow coloration. You observe similar use of black and yellow color patterns on harmless moths, beetles, and flies that appear to be mimicking the wasps. Explain the mimicry system(s) involved with this complex of unrelated species sharing this coloration. Please be sure to name the specific mimicry system(s) and carefully explain each in the context of this example
This is known as Batesian Mimicry. This is when a specious that is completely harmless mimics another species that is very dangerous. The harmless moths and beetles in this example are mimicking the stinging wasps in hopes that predators will mistake them for the stinging wasps and leave them alone.
46
Compare and contrast a paper wasp colony and a termite colony. You will want to mention how colonies are formed, explain the caste systems, life cycles, colony control, and any other major features that are the same or different between the two. Please stick to major features.
Paper Wasps -
- Annual Life Cycle. Workers are all female. Queen looks the same as the workers.
- Mated Queen overwinters and emerges in spring to initiate a nest.
- Queen rears first offspring into adults
- Workers all forage, construct the nest, rear young.
- Female controls nest through aggression
Termites
- Colonies are perennial.
- King and queen instead of just queen
- Queen and king look different from workers.
- Queen lays eggs and feeds young.
- Queens only job is to lay eggs after first batch is matured.
- Pheromones to control colony
- Worker’s forage, care for young, and build nest
- Soldiers defend the nest and look different (Mandibles)
46
List the four functions of hemocytes in the insect body
Immune Response
Wound Healing
Transportation of Nutrients and Waster Products
Storage and Release of Molecules
47
Air enters the insect tracheal system through what structure?
Spiracles
47
Name four functions of the arthropod exoskeleton
Protection and Support
Prevention of Drying Out
Muscle Attachment
Sensory Function
47
The modified forewings in Coleoptera are known as ______ and what is the main function of these forewings?
Elytra
Protection of the main wings
48
Hemiptera have piercing sucking mouthparts. Which two components of mandibulate mouthparts are modified into long slender stylets used for piercing in Hemiptera?
Mandibles
Maxillae
48
Name the three tagmata of an insect body
Head
Thorax
Abdomen
49
Bonus (2 pts) Name another insect Order that has some species with the same two parts modified into piercing stylets. (More bonus point if you tell me the specific group in that order)
Kissing Bug which is in the group Hemiptera
49
What is the unique stage or instar in holometabolous insects?
Pupa
50
The substance throughout the cuticle of an insect that gives it strength is
Chitin
50
The process of shedding the cuticle is called _______. When an arthropod can continue to shed its cuticle and grow, even after reaching the adult stage, this is known as ________.
Molting
Indeterminate Growth
51
Name four diagnostic characteristics of all Arthropoda
Exoskeleton
Compound Eyes
Jointed Legs
Tagmosis
52
The two functions of hemolymph in the insect body are
Transportation of Nutrients
Helps with body support and movement
53
Primary absorption of nutrients from ingested food occurs in the _____. Why is the lining of this structure not molted when the insect sheds its cuticle?
Midgut
The midgut is part of the insect’s digestive system and does not shed like the external body does.
54
List the four major purposes of wing veins
- Provide support to the wing
- Allow for blood flow to help bring water to the wing membrane to keep it strong and flexible
- Brings oxygen to the wings sensory cells
- Sends signals to the nervous system
54
Wings arise out of what two segments on an insect body
Mesothorax
Metathorax
55
The cockroaches you find in your friend’s house are native to the US. True or False
False
56
Emergence from the pupal instar is called what
Eclosion
56
BONUS: What is one hypothesis to explain why we had giant insects in the Paleozoic but no longer have them now?
The oxygen Concentration Hypothesis states that higher levels of oxygen in the air a long time ago allowed insects to be much larger than they are today.
57
The onset of metamorphosis is typically associated with what?
Hormones
58
The science of naming and classifying organisms is called
Taxonomy
58
Name three characteristics in common between the cockroach and termites.
Both exhibit social behavior
Both eat and can digest wood
Both take similar care of their young
59
Additional stiffening (hardening) and darkening of the cuticle is due to a process called
a. trilibitization
b. arthrodization
c. chitinization
d. sclerotization
Sclerotization
59
Bonus (2 pts): Define a hormone
Hormones in insects are chemical messengers that send signals to the body that force it to change in different ways. Some examples of this would be development, growth, reproduction, and differing behaviors.
60
The main organs of osmoregulation and excretion are
a. midgut
b. rectal pads
c. Malpighian tubules
d. anus
e. ileum
Malpighian Tubules
60
When legs are modified for grasping prey, such as the first pair of legs in a praying mantis, they are called
a. raptorial
b. fossorial
c. cursorial
d. curatorial
Raptorial
61
Hormones involved with maintaining the immature stage in insects are
a. neurohormones
b. ecdysteroids
c. juvenile hormones
d. master hormones
e. emperor hormones
Juvenile Hormones
61
The modified hindwings in Diptera are known as
a. tegmina
b. hemelytra
c. elytra
d. halteres
e. none of the above
Halteres
62
Explain open and closed respiratory systems and give an example of what habitat you would likely find insects living in with each system.
Open respiratory systems exchange gases (mainly oxygen and CO2) directly into their surroundings through spiracles. Spiracles connect to a network of trachea. The tracheal systems do not deliver oxygen to individual cells but more across the entire body at once. A habitat you might find an insect with an open respiratory system in would be a forest or a meadow.
Closed respiratory systems use a network of tracheal systems to deliver oxygen directly to the cells enhancing the efficiency of oxygen delivery. This is accomplished by a more extensive branching of the tracheal system that comes closer in contact to the cells. A habitat you might find an insect with a closed respiratory system would be a desert.
62
When flight muscles are attached to the body and move the wings by distorting the shape of the thorax, this type of musculature arrangement is known as
a. direct
b. distortion
c. latoventral
d. indirect
e. none of the above
Indirect
63
One day, a group of slightly demented children caught cockroaches, cut off the cockroach heads, and put them on little pikes around their lego castle (maybe a little too much Game of Thrones for these lads). Much to their horror, the headless cockroach bodies rose up onto their legs, began walking about, trampled the tiny lego soldiers, and pooped all over the castle. They did this for a few hours before wandering off, never to be seen again. Was this some horrible zombie virus? Clearly not, because we all know removing the head of a zombie and destroying the brain is the only way to dispatch the beasts. Based on what you know about the inner workings of insects, explain how the beheaded cockroaches were able to seemingly rise from the dead and wreak havoc on the lego empire. Be specific by naming the system(s) involved, the components of the system(s) and what they do or control.
Cockroaches has a decentralized nervous system that allows them to continue to move and survive. Of course they will eventually die now because they cannot feed but they can continue moving for a little while. They are displaying an escape response as well which is probably causing them to run around in distress. Them running around truing to escape paired with them not being able to see causes for them to bump into the Lego figures. Overall, the fact that the nervous system of the cockroach is decentralized, allows for some level of independent movement even after the head and brain have been removed from the body.
63
The act of rubbing two body parts together to produce sound is called
Stridulation
63
Compare and contrast the four types of metamorphosis discussed in class (Ametaboly, Hemimetaboly, Paurometaboly, Holometaboly). Be as specific as possible (e.g., names of unique stages, immatures, habitat and diet info). Also give one insect order for each type of metamorphosis.
Ametaboly
No distinct stages
Immature resembles adult.
Diet mirrors adults
Silverfish
Hemimetaboly
Three stages – Egg, nymph, adult
Nymphs resemble adults but lack wings.
Similar diet as adult
Grasshopper
Paurometaboly
Three stages – egg, nymph, adult
Nymphs resemble adult but wingless and they resemble adults more after each molt
Similar diet as adult
True Bugs
Holometaboly
Four stages – egg, larvae, pupa, adult
Larvae look different from adult until they emerge from the pupa.
Larvae have distinct habitats and diets compared to the adults.
Butterflies
64
The insect compound eye is made up of hundreds or thousands of individual structures called
Ommatidia
64
What is the structure used in cicadas to make the mating call? What sex has this structure?
Tymbal
Males
65
A substance secreted by one individual and received by another individual which then causes a specific action by the receiver is
Pheromone
65
What is the measure of the amount of heat required over time for an insect to complete development (often measured in degree-days)
Physiological Time
66
A food item given by the male to a female to encourage copulation is known as a
Nuptial Gift
66
In addition to compound eyes, what are the other two types of “eyes” can insects possess? (2 pts) BONUS (2 pts): next to each, write on what types of insects these could be found (e.g., all insects, only adults)
Simple Eyes (All Insects)
Apposition Eyes (Specific Insect Orders)
66
How did the Bee Wolves in Niko Tinbergen’s study find their nest upon returning from foraging?
Landmarks
67
Name three pheromone types other than sex pheromones discussed in class
Aggregation
Alarm
Trail
67
Name four functions of male insect accessory glands
Sperm Protection
Semen Coagulation
Anti-Aphrodisiac Production
Induction of Oviposition
68
In the presence of unlimited food, what is the limiting factor on growth rate of an insect
Temperature
69
What is the most basic characteristic and fundamental behavior in insects used to find mates
Sexual Communication
70
The highest mortality rates in insects occur in the ________ stage and ________ stage
Egg
1st Larval Instar
70
Moving from a home range in order to track resources in space rather than time is called
Migration
70
The structure used to deposit eggs in a specific place is a/an?
BONUS: What are the two developmentally different types of these structures?
Ovipositor
Ectodermal and Endodermal
71
Insects see a wide range of colors. Which color do they not see?
Red
71
Photoperiod is defined as
The amount of daylight in a 24 hour period
71
Physiological state of dormancy in response to regularly and recurring periods of poor environmental conditions, with normal development resuming only after particular stimuli are received and not just when conditions become favorable is called
Diapause
72
List the three types of position mechanoreceptors in insects
Hair Plate
Stretch Receptors
Stress Receptors
72
BONUS (2 pts): Honeybees have an internal clock with which they can “tell time”. Who was the scientist that figured this out and what was their experiment (be concise)?
Adrien Wenner did an experiment with bees where he would give bees food at very specific intervals. He would always have a light on during these intervals and the bees would come. Once he took away the food and even the light, the bees would still come at those specific intervals which means that the bees had a sort of internal clock instead of just waiting for the sun to come up or by sensing that the food was there.
73
The specialized tissues inside larval insects from which the appendages, such as wings, grow internally until metamorphosis are called
Imaginal Discs
73
How many generations in a year does a univoltine insect have?
1
73
Tympanal receptors are for ____substrate borne/airborne (circle one) ____sound vibrations and non-tympanal receptors are for _____ substrate borne/airborne (circle one)_____ sound vibrations
Airborne
Substrate Borne
74
The ability of an insect to completely dehydrate itself, halting its metabolism, but staying alive until the next rains come is called
Cryptobiosis
74
The compound eyes of predatory insects are generally
a. Smaller and closer together than in herbivorous insects
b. Smaller and further apart than in herbivorous insects
c. In greater number than in herbivorous insects
d. Larger and further apart than in herbivorous insects
e. Larger and closer together than in herbivorous insects
Larger and further apart than in herbivorous insects
74
BONUS: An enduring or permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience or practice is
Associative Learning
75
When males aggregate in a specific area and engage in competitive displays to entice females to mate, this aggregation is known as a
a. Parental care
b. Cryptocopulae
c. Copulation matrix
d. Lek
Lek
76
We discussed an example where a parasitic wasp laid a single egg in a caterpillar egg and when the wasp larvae were done devouring the caterpillar, thousands of adult wasps emerged. One egg leading to thousands of individuals is known as
a. Necrosis
b. Mitosis
c. Polyembryony
d. Ovoviviparity
e. Viviparity
Polyembryony
77
The organs responsible for detecting sounds and sending a signal to the nervous system are
a. Chemoreceptor organs
b. Ommatidia organs
c. Chordotonal organs
d. Ovipositor organs
e. Thermoreceptor organs
Chordontal Organs
78
Briefly explain the difference between the following as they pertain to insects:
Sex attraction pheromone vs. courtship pheromone
Sex attraction pheromones are released by individuals, usually females, to attract males to mate. Males sense these pheromones and know where to go to find the females. Courtship pheromones are chemical signals that are produced by individuals of both sexes. These pheromones help with the communication of mating and synchronization.
79
Briefly explain the difference between the following as they pertain to insects:
thelytoky vs. arrhenotoky
Thelytoky is a reproductive mode where females are produced from unfertilized eggs. No mating is required to produce the offspring. Arrhenotoky is where females come from fertilized eggs while males come from unfertilized eggs. Mating is necessary to produce offspring.
79
Briefly explain the difference between the following as they pertain to insects:
direct sperm transfer vs. indirect sperm transfer
Direct sperm transfer involves the direct physical transfer of sperm from the male to the female. This is known as copulation. Indirect sperm transfer does not involve the direct physical transfer of sperm from the male to the female but instead, the male deposits a “packet” of sperm on a surface and the female comes along and picks it up.
80
Briefly explain the difference between the following as they pertain to insects:
tactile mechanoreceptor (setae) vs. chemoreceptor (multiporous sensillum)
Tactile Mechanoreceptors are sensory organs that detect physical stimuli. Some examples of this would be hairs that detect touch or vibration. Chemoreceptors are sensory structures that detect chemical signals. Some examples of this would be detection of odors and tastes.
80
Briefly explain the difference between the following as they pertain to insects:
oviparity vs. viviparity
Oviparity is a reproductive mode where females lay eggs that eventually develop into offspring and hatch externally. Viviparity is a reproductive mode where female give birth to live offspring instead of laying eggs.
80
In some species of giant water bugs, the males are responsible for caring for the eggs before they hatch and exhibit one of three behaviors. Describe each behavior and explain the significance of these actions.
These three behaviors are underwater pushups, surface brooding, and brook stroking. The purpose for these behaviors is to allow the eggs to get oxygen and without these behaviors, the offspring would die. Underwater pushups are when the water bug is on the bottom of the water floor and pushes up and down for oxygen to flow. Surface brooding is when the water bug goes tot the surface and sits there so the eggs can receive oxygen. Brood stroking is when the water bug uses its legs to stroke oxygen back and forth over the eggs.
81
Pretend you are a foraging honeybee and you find a good food source about 2 miles away from the nest (see figure below for exact location). When you return to the nest, what are you going to do. Be detailed in your explanation, including what each of your actions accomplishes, and feel free to add a drawing to assist with your explanation.
Once I found the food, I would immediately want to notify the other bees to what I had found. I would start by dancing. The food source was very abundant in nectar and pollen so I would be performing this dance very fast and aggressively. I would angle myself 60 degrees away from the sun to tell the other bees what direction the food was. I would waggle and walk 6 steps forward indicating that the food was around 2 miles away. After this I would repeat the process again.
81
What are the characteristics of the ideal host?
Good Dispersal Ability
High Susceptibility to Pathogen
High Reproductive Output
Ideal Environmental/Living Conditions
81
What are the 4 different types of hosts?
Primary (Definitive): Organism in which pathogen reaches maturity and reproduces
Secondary (Intermediate): Harbors the pathogen for a short period of time and sometimes there is some development of the pathogen
Reservoir: Can harbor pathogenic indefinitely without any adverse reactions
Dead-End: Organism from which the transmission to the definitive host is impossible
81
Many male insects go to great lengths to ensure that their sperm fertilize the female’s eggs. Based upon what you know about the female reproductive system, explain why ensuring paternity is such a problem for males insects (be detailed) and give TWO specific examples of ways that male insects attempt to ensure paternity. Provide me with a specific insect (you can use common names) for each example and what they do.
Many male insects go to great lengths to ensure that their sperm fertilize the female’s eggs. Based upon what you know about the female reproductive system, explain why ensuring paternity is such a problem for males insects (be detailed) and give TWO specific examples of ways that male insects attempt to ensure paternity. Provide me with a specific insect (you can use common names) for each example and what they do.
As a male insect, really my only goal in life is to reproduce. There are so many other males in the area that I want to make sure my offspring get made. This is also hard when the female can be picky. One way I could ensure this is that after mating, I would stick around the female and protect her. If any males try to get close, I will fight them and scare them away from the female. This is common in many beetle species. Another way would be to use a sperm plug. After mating, I would excrete a mixture of sperm and chemicals that hardens inside of the female and makes it so she cannot mate again. This also ensure that she can not get rid of the sperm and it is trapped inside her. This is common in many honeybee species.
81
What are the characteristics of the ideal vector?
Good mobility/dispersal
Proximity to primary host
Active feeder
High reproductive output
Environmental tolerance
81
What is a vector?
Organism that actively or passively transmits a pathogen from one host to another
81
What are the components of the disease triangle?
Host
Pathogen
Environment
81
What is a mechanical vector?
Do not amplify the pathogen, simply carry it from one host to another
82
What is a biological vector?
Pathogen develops and replicates within the vector and then transferred to the next host
82
What is a zoonotic disease?
Diseases that can be passed human and non-humans
82
What is a pathogen?
Causative agent of disease
82
What is an arbovirus?
Arthropod transmitted viruses.
83
What is vertical transmission?
Direct transfer of a pathogen from mother to offspring (Direct transfer to egg or embryo.)
84
What is horizontal transmission?
Pathogen transfers between individuals.
84
What insect vectors Chikungunya Virus?
Moquitoes
84
How do mosquitoes vector these viruses?
The pathogen migrates to the salivary gland of the mosquito and when the insect takes a blood meal, as it's regurgitating the anticoagulate, it also pumps the pathogen into you.
84
What disease do mosquitoes vector?
Malaria
84
What insect vectors West Nile Virus?
Mosquitoes
84
How do insects become pests?
Whenever they are causing damage to human welfare, aesthetics, well being, or profit.
85
What are some mechanisms that insects use to resist insecticides?
Faster metabolic detoxification
Avoidance of chemicals
Decreased sensitivity to pheromones
85
What are some pros and cons of insecticides?
Pros -
Get rid of insects efficiently
Increased crop yields
Lowers chances of insect borne illnesses
Livestock Protection
Cons -
Kills other wildlife
Contamination of food and water
Negative impact on pollinators
Can cause health issues in humans
85
What is natural selection?
When certain traits will allow organism to live longer and so those traits are adopted for future generations.
85
What disease do body lice vector?
Typhus
85
What is economic threshold?
Pest density at which control measures should be taken in order to keep pest from reaching Economic Injury Level (EIL)
85
What is Economic injury Level (EIL)?
The smallest number of insects (Amount of Injury) that will cause yield losses equal to the insect management costs.
86
What is the goal of Integrated Pest Management?
Goal is to limit economic damage to the crop while minimizing adverse effects of non-target organisms in the crop and surrounding environment and minimizing effects of the consumer.
86
What is Integrated Pest Management?
Sustainable approach to managing pests through a combination of tools.
86
What is the IPM Tactic Genetic Control Genetically Modified Organisms?
Incorporation of BT Cry Genes into the plant genome so the plant expresses cry proteins that are toxic to insects when ingested.
Plant fed poison insect eat poison insect die.
86
What is the IPM Tactic biological control and what are the advantages and disadvantages?
Introducing or enhancing a population of natural enemies of the target pests.
Advantage: Host specificity of the natural enemy
Disadvantage: Natural enemy doesn’t eradicate the pest
86
What is the IPM Tactic Cultural Control?
Use of farming or cultural practices that make environment less favorable to target pests.
86
What is the IPM Tactic Regulatory Control?
Prevention of the entry and establishment of undesirable plant and animal pests and the eradication or containment of pests already in established quarantine zones.
87
What is the IPM Tactic Physical Control?
Application of direct methods to kill insects
Exclude an insect from an area
Adversely alter past environment
87
What flies are used for control of fire ants?
Phorid Flies
87
What is the IPM Tactic Chemical Control?
Array of chemicals chives out there that enter the body through several pathways and ultimately kills the insect.
87
What are 3 examples of invasive insects?
Cane Beetles
Hemlock Wooly Adelgid (HWA)
Emerald Ash Borer
87
What is colony collapse disorder?
This is when bee hives are found abandoned with no signs of living adults or dead workers. All of the hives materials such as honey and larvae are still there however.
87
What was a successful biological control program?
Cottony Cushion Scales were a major threat to citrus until a beetle was introduced and helped lower the scales population and minimized damages done to the citrus.
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What is causing colony collapse disorder?
Many think that the constant transportation of commercial bee hives causes stress in bees and causes them to abandon their hives,
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What disease was the most dangerous in war throughout history?
Typhus caused by body lice
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What percent of the world commonly eats insects and what are 3 examples of insects that are commonly eaten around the world.
80%
Grasshoppers
Larvae
Beetles
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Do we really need honeybees?
Yes. Honeybees are vital in pollination, crop production, and honey production.
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Where did silk production originate from, from what insect, and how is it produced?
Started in China and was a secret that if shared was punishable by death.
Silkworm
It is produced in mass. Thousands and thousands of silkworms are raised until they pupate. Once they pupate, the pupas are taken and carefully unwound. The larvae inside are also sometimes eaten.
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How did armies control typhus once they figured out it's cause?
In the early 1900's when the world figured out that body lice were the cause of typhus, soldiers started to perform better hygienic activities such as taking more frequent showers and washing their clothes more often. They were also sometimes sprayed directly with insecticides.
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What caused more deaths in war throughout history. Typhus or human violence?
Typhus
