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Myology > Entire Lower Extremity > Flashcards

Entire Lower Extremity Flashcards

1
Q

Psoas major

A

O: Posterior abdominal wall (lumbar transverse process, intervertebral discs, and adjacent bodies from T12 to L5 and tendinous arches between these points)

I: Lesser trochanter of femur

A: With origin fixed: flex the hip (coaxial joint), May laterally rotate the hip
With insertion fixed: Flex the trunk toward the thigh, Tilt pelvic anteriorly

N: Anterior rami (L1, L2, L3)

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2
Q

Iliacus

A

O: Posterior abdominal wall (iliac fossa, iliac crest, ala of the sacrum)

I: Tendons of psoas major, lesser trochanter and femur

A: With the origin fixed: Flex the hip; May laterally rotate the hip
With the insertion fixed: Flex the trunk toward the thigh, Tilt the pelvis anteriorly

N: Femoral nerve (L2, L3)

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3
Q

Sartorius

A

O: Anterior superior iliac spine

I: Medial surface of the tibia just inferomedial to tibial tuberosity at pes anserinus tendon

A: Flexion of the thigh at the hip joint and flexion of the leg at the knee joint (will also assist with ER and ABD of the hip and medially rotate flexed knee)

N: Femoral nerve (L2, L3)

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4
Q

Rectus Femoris

A

O: Anterior inferior iliac spine

I: Tibial tuberosity (via the patella and patella ligament)

A: Flexion of the thigh at the hip joint and extension of the leg at the knee joint

N: Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)

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5
Q

Vastus intermedius

A

O: Proximal two-thirds of the anterior and lateral surface of the femur

I: Tibial tuberosity (via patella and patella ligament)

A: Extension of the leg at knee joint

N: Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)

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6
Q

Vastus medialis

A

O: Medial part of intertrochantereic line and medial lip of the linea aspera,

I: Tibial tuberosity (via patella and patella ligament)

A: Extension of the leg at knee joint

N: Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)

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7
Q

Vastus lateralis

A

O: Lateral lip of linea aspera, gluteal tuberosity and greater trochanter

I: Tibial tuberosity (via patella and patella ligament)

A: Extension of the leg at knee joint

N: Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)

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8
Q

Pectineus

A

O: Superior ramus of pubis

I: Pectineal line of femur

A: Adduct the hip, medial rotate hip, flex hip,

N: Femoral nerve (L2, L3) and possibly Obturator Nerve (L2-L4)

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9
Q

Adductor longus

A

O: Body of the pubis inferior to the pubic crest

I: Distal aspect of the medial lip of linea aspera

A: Adduct the hip, medial rotate the hip

N: Obturator nerve (anterior division) (L2, L3, L4)

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10
Q

Adductor brevis

A

O: External surface of body of pubis and inferior pubic ramus

I: Pectineal line and proximal aspect of the medial lip of linea aspera

A: Adduction of the thigh at the hip joint; medial rotation of hip, assist in flexion of hip

N: Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)

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11
Q

Adductor magnus

A 
O: Adductor part (AD) – ischiopubic ramus
Hamstring part (HM) – ischial tuberosity

I: AD – Gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line
HM – adductor tubercle and supracondylar line

A: AD: Adduction and medial rotation of the thigh at the hip joint; assist to flex hip
HM: Extend the hip

N: AD - obturator (L2, L3, L4)
HM - sciatic nerve (tibial division) (L4)

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12
Q

Gracilis

A

O: Inferior ramus of pubis

I: Medial surface of proximal shaft of the tibia at the pes anserine

A: Adduction of the thigh at the hip joint and flexion of the leg at the knee joint; medial rotate the flexed knee

N: Obturator nerve (L2, L3)

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13
Q

Gluteus maximus

A

O: External surface of ilium posterior to the posterior gluteal line, posterior surface of lower sacrum and coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament

I: posterior aspect of iliotibial tract of fascia lata and gluteal tuberosity of proximal femur

A: Extension of flexed femur at the hip joint; lateral stabilization of hip and knee joints; lateral
rotation

N: inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2)

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14
Q

Gluteus medius

A

O: External surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines, just below the iliac crest

I: Lateral surface of the greater trochanter

A: Open chain, all fibers: abduction of the femur at the hip joint
Closed chain, all fibers: holds pelvis secure over stance leg and prevents pelvic drop on the opposite swing side during walking
Anterior fibers: internal rotation and flex hip
Posterior fibers: external rotation and extend hip

N: Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)

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15
Q

Gluteus minimus

A

O: External surface of ilium between inferior and anterior gluteal lines

I: Anterior aspect of the greater trochanter

A: Abduct the hip, medial rotate the hip, flex the hip. Stabilize pelvis during unilateral stance

N: superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)

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16
Q

Tensor fascia latae (TFL)

A

O: Anterior superior iliac spine iliac crest posterior to the ASIS

I: Iliotibial tract of facia lata

A: Closed chain: Stabilize the knee in extension
Open chain: Flex the hip, medial rotate the hip, abduct the hip

N: Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5,S1)

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17
Q

Piriformis

A

O: Anterior surface of sacrum between anterior sacral foramina and sacrotuberous ligament

I: Superior border of greater trochanter of femur

A: lateral rotation of the extended femur at the hip joint; abduction of the flexed femur at the hip joint

N: Nerve to piriformis (branches from anterior rami of (S1, S2) of the sacral plexus

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18
Q

Obturator internus

A

O: Deep surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bone of the inferior surface of the obturator foramen

I: Medial side of greater trochanter of femur

A: Lateral rotation of the extended femur at the hip joint; abduction of the flexed femur at the hip joint

N: nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)

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19
Q

Gemellus superior

A

O: Ischial spine

I: Medial side of the greater trochanter of femur with obturator internus tendon

A: Lateral rotation of the extended femur at the hip joint; abduction of the flexed femur at the hip joint

N: Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)

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20
Q

Gemellus inferior

A

O: Ischial tuberosity

I: Medial side of the greater trochanter of femur with obturator internus tendon

A: Lateral rotation of the extended femur at the hip joint; abduction of the flexed femur at the hip
joint

N: Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)

21
Q

Quadratus femoris

A

O: Lateral aspect of the ischial tuberosity

I: Quadrate tubercle on the intertrochanteric crest of the proximal femur between the greater and lesser trochanters

A: Lateral rotation of the femur at the hip joint

N: Nerve to qaudratus femoris (L5, S1)

22
Q

Obturator externus

A

O: External surface of obturator membrane and adjacent rami of pubis and ischium

I: Trochanteric fossa of femur

A: Lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip joint

N: Obturator nerve (posterior division) (L3, L4)

23
Q

Biceps Femoris

A

O: Long head – Ischial tuberosity
Short head – Distal aspect of the lateral lip of linea aspera

I: Lateral side of the head of the fibula

A: All heads: Knee flexion and some lateral rotation of the leg at the knee joint;
Long head: Extend the hip, lateral rotation of the thigh at hip joint

N: Long head: Sciatic (tibial branch): L5,S1,S2
Short head: Sciatic (peroneal branch): L5,S1,S2

24
Q

Semitendinosus

A

O: Ischial tuberosity

I: Medial surface of proximal tibia at the pes anserine tendon

A: Medially rotate the flexed knee, extend the hip, assist to medial rotate the hip, tilt the pelvic posteriorly

N: Sciatic nerve (tibial branch) (L5, S1, S2)

25
Q

Semimembranosus

A

O: Ischial tuberosity

I: Posterior surface of medial tibial condyle (some slips into oblique popliteal ligament inserting on lateral condyle)

A: Medially rotate the flexed knee, extend the hip, assist to medially rotate the hip, tilt the pelvis posteriorly

N: Sciatic nerve (tibial branch) (L5, S1, S2)

26
Q

Tibialis anterior

A

O: Lateral condyle of tibia; proximal, lateral surface of tibia and interosseous membrane

I: Medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform and adjacent surfaces on base of 1st metatarsal

A: Dorsiflexion of foot at the ankle joint; inversion of foot; dynamic support of the medial arch of foot

N: Deep (peroneal) fibular nerve (L4, L5)

27
Q

Extensor hallucis longus

A

O: Middle one-half of medial surface of fibula and adjacent surface of interosseous membrane

I: Dorsal surface of base of distal phalanx of great toe

A: Extension of the great toe; dorsiflexion of foot at the ankle; invert the foot

N: Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve (L5, S1)

28
Q

Extensor digitorum longus

A

O: Proximal one-half of medial surface of fibula, interosseous membrane and lateral tibial condyle

I: Bases of distal and middle phalanges of lateral four toes via dorsal digital expansion

A: extension of lateral four toes and dorsiflexion of foot (with some eversion)

N: Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve (L5, S1)

29
Q

Extensor digitorum brevis (The portion to the great toe is the Extensor Hallicus Brevis)

A

O: Superolateral surface of the calcaneous

I: Base of proximal phalanx of great toe and lateral sides of the tendons of extensor digitorum longus of 2nd to 4th toes

A: Extension of metatarsophalangeal and IP joints of great toe and extension of at 2nd to 4th toes

N: Deep fibular (peroneal) (L4, L5, S1)

30
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

O: Medial head – posterior surface of distal femur just superior to medial condyle
Lateral head – upper posterolateral surface of lateral femoral condyle

I: Posterior surface of calcaneous via calcaneal tendon

A: Plantarflexion at the ankle and flexion at the knee

N: Tibial nerve (S1, S2)

31
Q

Soleus

A

O: Soleal line and medial border of the tibia; proximal, posterior aspect of the fibula head and adjacent surfaces of neck and proximal shaft; tendinous arch between tibial and fibular attachment

I: Posterior surface of calcaneous via calcaneal tendon

A: Plantarflexion at the ankle and flexion at the knee

N: tibial nerve (S1, S2)

32
Q

Plantaris

A

O: Inferior part of lateral supracondylar line of femur and oblique popliteal ligament of knee

I: Posterior surface of calcaneous via calcaneal tendon

A: plantarflexion at the ankle and flexion at the knee; weak plantar flexion of ankle, weak flexion of the knee

N: Tibial nerve (S1, S2)

33
Q

Popliteus

A

O: Lateral surface of the lateral femoral condyle and lateral meniscus

I: Posterior surface of proximal tibial, superior to soleal line

A: stabilizes knee joint (resists lateral rotation of tibia on femur); unlocks knee joint (laterally rotates femur on fixed tibia or medially rotates the tibia on a fixed femur), weak knee flexion

N: ibial nerve (L4, L5, S1)
34
Q

Flexor hallicus longus

A

O: Middle half of the posterior surface of fibula and adjacent interosseous membrane

I: Plantar surface of distal phalanx of great toe

A: flexion of great toe (at MTP and IP joints); Weak plantar flexion of ankle; Invert the foot

N: tibial nerve (S2, S3)

35
Q

Flexor digitorum longus

A

O: Middle portion of the medial side of posterior surface of the tibia

I: Plantar surfaces of bases of distal phalanges of the lateral four toes

A: flexion of lateral four toes at MTP and IP joints; Weak plantar flexion of the ankle; invert the foot

N: Tibial nerve (S2, S3)

36
Q

Tibialis Posterior

A

O: Posterior surfaces of interosseous membrane and adjacent regions of tibia and fibula, inferior to the soleal line

I: Primarily to tuberosity of navicular and adjacent region of medial cuneiform; some tendinous attachment to the MT bases 2-4 and other tarsal bones

A: Inversion and plantarflexion of the foot at TCJ; support medial arch of foot during walking

N: Tibial nerve (L4, L5)

37
Q

Peroneus (fibularis) longus

A

O: Proximal two-thirds of the lateral surface of the fibula, head of fibula

I: Base of the first metatarsal and medial cuneiform

A: Eversion of foot, weak plantarflexion; support arches of foot

N: Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)

38
Q

Peroneus (fibularis) brevis

A

O: Distal two-thirds of the lateral surface of shaft of fibula

I: Tuberosity at the 5th metatarsal

A: Eversion of the foot and weak plantarflexion of the ankle

N: Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)

39
Q

Peroneus (fibularis) tertius

A

O: Distal part of medial surface of fibula

I: Dorsomedial surface of base of 5th metatarsal

A: dorsiflexion and eversion of the foot

N: deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)

40
Q

Abductor Hallicus (1st Layer)

A

O:Medial process of calcaneus and plantar aponeurosis

I: Proximal phalanax of the first toe (medial surface) and medial sesamoid bone

A: Abduct the first toe (MTP joint) and assist to flex the first toe

N: Medial plantar nerve from the tibial nerve (S2, S3)

41
Q

Flexor digitorum brevis (1st Layer)

A

O: Medial process of calcaneal tuberosity and plantar aponeurosis

I: Sides of plantar surface of middle phalanges of 2nd to 5th toes

A: Flexion of lateral four toes at proximal interphalangeal joint

N: medial plantar nerve from the tibial nerve (S2, S3)

42
Q

Abductor digiti minimi (1st layer)

A

O: lateral and medial process of calcaneal tuberosity and plantar aponeurosis

I: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of little toe

A: Abduction and flexion of the 5th toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint

N: Lateral plantar nerve from the tibial nerve (S2, S3)

43
Q

Quadratus plantae (2nd layer)

A

O: Medial surface of calcaneus and lateral process of calcaneal tuberosity

I: Lateral side of tendon of flexor digitorum longus

A: Assist flexor digitorum longus in flexing 2nd to 5th toes, changing the angle of force application to be more linear

N: Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve (S2, S3)

44
Q

Lumbricales (2nd layer)

A

O: Tendons of flexor digitorum longus

I: Medial slips into extensor hoods of 2nd to 5th toes

A: Flexion of metatarsophalangeal joint and extension of interphalangeal joints of toes 2-5

N: 1st lumbrical – medial plantar nerve from the tibial nerve (S2, S3)
2nd to 4th lumbrical - lateral plantar nerve from the tibial nerve (S2, S3)

45
Q

Flexor hallicus brevis (3rd layer)

A

O: Plantar surface of the cuboid, and lateral cuneiforms; tendon of the tibialis posterior

I: Lateral and medial sides of base of proximal phalanx of the great toe via sesamoids

A: Flexion of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe

N: Medial plantar nerve from tibial nerve (S2, S3)

46
Q

Adductor hallicus (3rd layer)

A

O: Transverse head – ligaments associated with metatarsophalangeal joints of lateral three toes
Oblique head – bases of 2nd to 4th metatarsals

I: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of great toe

A: Adduction of the great toe at metatarsophalangeal joint and maintain transverse arch, weak flexion

N: lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve (S2, S3)

47
Q

Flexor digiti minimi brevis (3rd layer)

A

O: Base of the 5th metatarsal and related sheath of fibularis longus tendon

I: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of little toe

A: Flexion of little toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint

N: Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve (S2, S3)

48
Q

Dorsal interossei (4th layer) (4 muscles – bipennate muscles)

A

O: Sides of adjacent metatarsals

I: Extensor hoods and bases of proximal phalanges of 2nd to 4th toes
First: Medial surface of proximal phalanx of 2nd toe
Second-fourth: Lateral surfaces of proximal phalanx of 2nd-4th toes

A: Open Chain: Abduction of 2nd to 4th toes at metatarsophalangeal joint; flexion of the metatarsalphalangeal joint and extension of the interphalangeal joint
Closed Chain: resists extension of metatarsophalangeal joints and resist flexion of interphalangeal joint

N: Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve (S2, S3)
1st and 2nd interossei may also have dual innervation by deep fibular nerve

49
Q

Plantar interossei (4th layer) (3 muscles – unipennate)

A

O: Medial sides of metatarsals of 3rd to 5th toes

I: extensor hoods and bases of proximal phalanges of 3rd to 5th toes on medial side

A: Open Chain: Adduction of 3rd to 5th toes at metatarsophalangeal joint; flexion of the metatarsalphalangeal joint and extension of the interphalangeal joint
Closed Chain: resists extension of metatarsophalangeal joints and resist flexion of interphalangeal joint

N: lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve (S2, S3)

Myology (7 decks)

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