ENT pathology Flashcards
What is the most common cause of epistaxis
Digital manipulation
Where is the most common place for epistaxis
Anterior aspect
What vessel typically bleeds with posterior nose bleeds
sphenopalentine branch of the maxillary artery
What causes a septal hematoma
bleeding between the perichondrium and cartilage of the septum - generally post trauma
What can a septal hematoma lead to
septal necrosis which will cause a saddle nose deformity
What are the most common causes of rhinitis
allergies
atrophic
pregnancy
occupational
What can cause non-allergic rhinitis
spicy food
temperature
smoke
strong smells
What is the most common cause of orbital cellulitis
ethmoid sinus
What is the timeframe for acute sinusitis
sudden onset that lasts <4wk
What is the timeframe for subacute sinusitis
<12wks but longer than acute phase
What is recurrent sinusitis
4+ episodes that last at least 1wk in a year
When do you treat sinusitis
after 2 weeks
What is the most common cause of sinusitis
viral URI
What is an Aphthous ulcers
canker sores
*shallow, round ulcer with central yellow exudate
What can cause canker sores
can be associated with celiac disease, IBS, HIV, SLE, neutropenia and local trauma
What type of cells are found within pre-ulcers
macrophages
lymphocytes
What type of cells can be seen within ulcers
neutrophils centrally
lymphocytes in raised ring
When do aphthous ulcers present
during times of stress
can also be due to malnutrition
What do you have to consider if adults get recurrent thrush
Immunocompromised
-HIV
-inhaled corticosteroids
What is the most common cause of pharyngitis
bacterial / viral infection
What is acute laryngitis
larynx inflammation <3wks
If laryngitis is bacterial, what is the cause
moraxella, H. influenza, S. pneumonia
What is the most common organism that causes epiglottis
S. Aureus
What breathing sound will be heard with epiglottitis
Stridor
What is the epiglottitis triad
drooling
dysphagia
Distress
What is a peritonsillar abscess
suppurative deep space infection of the neck
*Pus collection between the palatine tonsils and pharyngeal muscles
What is the presentation of a peritonsillar abscess
Unilateral peritonsillar swelling with uvula displacement
*hot potato voice
What will increase a persons risk for peritonsillar abscess
smoking
Which tonsils are most commonly effected with peritonsillar abscess
Palantine and typically on the superior aspect
What are the major salivary glands
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
What is saliva necessary for
healthy dentition
mastication
tasting food
What is Sialadenitis
Swelling of salivary glands
What causes sialadentitis
obstruction
What happens when salivary glands become infected
overlying skin will likely be erythematous and warm w/ purulent discharge from the ductal orifice
What are causes of chronic sialadentitis
Tumor
Polycystic parotid disease (pseudoneoplastic disease)
What is stensens duct orifice
parotid duct
What is sialolithiasis
obstructive salivary stone
*most common cause of sialadentitis
When will the pain increase with sialolithiasis
after eating
What is the presentation of someone with infectious sialadentitis
Fever
pain erythema
purulent saliva
What is the cause of bacterial sialadentitis
S. aureus
