ENT pathology 1 Flashcards
What is the lining of the external ear and auditory meatus, and what is the specialised glands found here ?
- Lined by skin (epidermis).
- Contains sebaceous and ceruminous glands.
What is the lining of the middle ear ?
Columnar lined mucosa
What is the nasal vestibule lined by ?
Squamous epithelium
What is the lining of the rest of the nose mainly and the sinuses ?
Respiratory epithelium - also called Schneiderian epithelium
It is pseudostratified ciliated columnar with sero-mucinous glands
What is the lining of the throat ?
Respiratory and squamous epithelium depending on anatomical site
What type of gland is a salivary gland ?
Exocrine:
- Glands that produce and secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct.
What are the components which make up salivary glands ?
Acinar, ductular and mucinous components
What cells line the acinar and ductular components of the salivary gland and what do they contain/secrete ?
- Serous cells
- Contain digestive enzymes such as amylase
- Secrete saliva
What is the mucinous component of salivary glands lined by ?
Peripheral myoepithelial cells - they have some contractile properties
What is a cholestatoma ?
- The presence of keratinising squamous epithelium within the middle ear, or in other pneumatised areas of the temporal bone.
- This keratinising epithelium exhibits independent growth, leading to expansion and to resorption of underlying bone.
What is a vestibular schwannoma ?
A tumour which grows on the vestibulochochlear nerve
How do most vestibular schwannomas occur ?
- Older people 30-60
- Sporadic unilateral occurrence
If a vestibular schwannoma is bilateral and in a young person what mutation would you suspect causing it ?
NF-2 mutation (remember neurofibromas cause tumours on nerves)
What are nasal polyps and describe there appearance ?
- Swellings of the normal nasal lining that occur inside the nasal passages and sinuses
- Typically pearly in colour
- Vary in size
- Tear-drop shapped
Revise types of vasculitis
Do it there in Renal, ENT and MSK
What are some of the causes associated with nasal polyps ?
- Allergy,
- Infection
- Asthma
- Aspirin sensitivity
- Nickel exposure
What is sameters triad ?
- Nasal polyposis
- Asthma
- Aspirin sensitivity
What are some of the symptoms of nasal polyps ?
- Blocked nose
- Runny nose
- Mucus that drips from the back of your nose down your throat (post-nasal drip)
- Reduced sense of smell or taste
- Feeling of fullness or pressure in the face
- Snoring
- obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)
What is the management of nasal polyps ?
- All suspected nasal polyps should be referred to ENT esp if they have unilateral polyps or bleeding as there is a risk this could be a malignancy
- Tx = topical corticosteroids
What are the 2 main types of rhinitis ?
Allergic and non-allergic
What is the typical presentation of rhinitis in general ?
- Sneezing
- Itchiness
- Runny nose
- Blocked nose
- Reduced sense of smell
What type of reaction is allergic rhinitis ?
Type 1 IgE mediated hypersentivity reaction
What are some of the key features which distinguish allergic from non-allerigc rhinitis ?
- Allergic rhinitis caused by allergens e.g. pollen, dust, mould, or flakes of skin from certain animals.
- Allergic rhinitis can be seasonal dependant on when pollination occurs
- Non-allergic isn’t caused by allergen
What drugs & condition can cause gingival hypertrophy ?
- Phenytoin
- CCB’s - esp Nifedipine
- Ciclosporin
- Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)
