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Head and Neck > ENT - Paediatrics > Flashcards

ENT - Paediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

What are some common otological symptoms?

A
  • HEARING LOSS
  • OTORRHEA
  • OTALGIA
  • TINNITUS
  • VERTIGO
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2
Q

What examinations for hearing loss are possible for children of different ages?

A
  • 6-18 Months: Distraction test
  • 12 months – 3 years: Visual reinforced audiometry
  • 3 - 5 years: Play audiometry
  • 4 years +: Pure tone audiometry
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3
Q

What investigations can be done to test a child’s hearing?

A
  • Otoacoustic Emissions
  • Auditory Brain stem responses
  • Tympanometry
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4
Q

What is an otoacoustic emissions test?

A
  • An otoacoustic emission is a sound generated by the inner ear, the sound disappears after the inner ear has been damaged
  • Testing for the OAE can test the function of the inner ear
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5
Q

What are some risk factors for otitis media with effusion in children?

A
  • Day care
  • smoking
  • cleft palate
  • down syndrome
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6
Q

What are the symptoms of otitis media with effusion?

A

Symptoms:

  • HEARING LOSS
  • SPEECH DELAY
  • BEHAVIOURAL PROBLEMS
  • ACADEMIC DECLINE
  • (IMBALANCE)
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7
Q

What are the clinical signs of otitis media with effusion?

A

DULL TM
FLUID LEVEL
BUBBLES

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8
Q

How is otitis media with effusion treated in children?

A
  • Hearing aids

- Grommet (tympanostomy tube - keeps middle ear aerated and allows fluid to seep)

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9
Q

What causes otitis media with effusion in children?

A

EUSTACHIAN TUBE DYSFUNCTION

  • ANATOMY OF SKULL BASE
  • MUSCULAR IMMATURITY
  • ADENOIDAL HYPERTROPHY (hyperplasia of pharyngeal tonsils)
  • RESOLVING A.O.M.
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10
Q

What are some possible causes of discharge +/- pain in a childs ear?

A
  • Otitis externa

- Acute otitis media

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11
Q

How is otitis media treated in children?

A
  • Aural microsuction
  • Topical antibiotics
  • Water precautions
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12
Q

What bacteria most commonly cause acute otitis media in children? Treatment?

A
  • Haemophilus influenza, strep pneumonia, Moraxella catarrhalis
  • Treat with antibiotics (e.g. co-amoxiclav)
  • Grommets + adenoidectomy if recurrent
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13
Q

What investigations are used in chronic otitis media (cholesteatoma) in children? Treatment?

A
  • CT scan

- Mastoidectomy to treat

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic otitis media in children?

A
  • Chronic discharging ear

- hearing loss despite grommets

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15
Q

What are some rhinology related symptoms often found in children?

A
  • BLOCKED NOSE
  • RUNNY NOSE
  • SNEEZING
  • REDUCED SENSE OF SMELL
  • FACIAL PAIN
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16
Q

What are some causes of blocked / runny nose in children?

A
  • Rhinitis (allergic or non-allergic)
  • Enlarged adenoid glands
  • Foreign body
  • Sinusitis & polyps
  • Choanal atresia
17
Q

What are nasal polyps? Risk factors?

A
  • soft, painless, noncancerous growths on the lining of your nasal passages or sinuses
  • They result from chronic inflammation and are associated with asthma, recurring infection, allergies, drug sensitivity or immune disorders
18
Q

What is Choanal atresia?

A
  • Congenital disorder where the nasal passage is blocked
19
Q

What is epistaxis?

A
  • Acute hemorrhage from the nostril, nasal cavity, or nasopharynx (nosebleed)
  • May be due to coagulopathy / haematological disorder
20
Q

What is Little’s Area? Where is it found?

A
  • Anastamoses of vasculature in nose, severe epistaxis if compromised
  • Found on the anterior nasal septum and is an anastomosis of 5 arteries: anterior ethmoidal artery, posterior ethmoidal artery, sphenopalatine artery, greater palatine artery, and the septal branch of the superior labial artery
21
Q

What is the treatment for epistaxis?

A

Antibiotic ointments

  • NASEPTIN
  • BACTROBAN

Cautery

  • Silver Nitrate under LA
  • Diathermy under GA
22
Q

What are some common symptoms in Laryngology?

A

SORE THROAT

AIRWAY ISSUES
HOARSENESS
DYSPHAGIA

23
Q

What is a common cause of sore throat in children? Treatment?

A
  • Tonsilitis (Risk of glomerulonephritis - post infective)
  • Bacterial (b haem Strep B) or viral (EBV)
  • Antibiotics to treat
24
Q

What are some possible anatomical causes of airway issues in children?

A
  • Large tongue
  • Large tonsils
  • Large/Floppy epiglottis
  • Short neck
  • Sub glottis narrowest
  • Foreign body occlusion
25
Q

What are some other causes of airway issues in children?

A
  • Epiglottitis (infection of epiglottis)

- Laryngomalacia (immature cartilage of the upper larynx collapses inward during inhalation, causing airway obstruction)

26
Q

What are some common causes of palpable neck lumps in children?

A
  • THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST
  • BRANCHIAL CYST
  • CYSTIC HYGROMA
  • CERVICAL LYPMHADENOPATHY

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