Anatomy/Physiology - Throat Flashcards
3 divisions of the pharynx?
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx (hypopharynx)
What is the fauces? What is it bounded by?
Arched opening at the back of the mouth, leading to the pharynx
Bounded by:
- palatoglossal arch to posterior pharyngeal wall
- Lower border of soft palate to upper margin of epiglottis
- Lateral: faucial pillars & palatine tonsils
What is the oral vestibule?
Space between lips and teeth
Boundaries of the oral cavity?
Lips - anterior border of palatoglossal arch
Palate - floor of mouth/tongue
Buccal mucosa of cheeks
What muscle does the parotid duct pierce? Where on the inner surface of the cheek does it open?
Buccinator muscle
Usually opposite the maxillary second molar
Which muscle divides the submandibular gland? What are the divisions called?
Mylohyoid muscle
Superficial and deep lobes
Which nerve provides afferent somatic innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Which nerve is it a branch of?
Lingual nerve
Branch of the trigeminal, but also carries the chorda tympani nerve (branch of the facial nerve)
What sensation does the chorda tympani nerve supply to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Which cranial nerve is it a branch of?
Taste
Branch of the Facial (CN VII) nerve
Functions of the oral cavity?
Taste Mastication (teeth/tongue) Speech (tongue/cheeks/lips) Digestion (salivary enzymes) Swallowing (tongue, palate)
What are the lingual papillae?
Protrusions on the upper surface of the tongue, give the tongue its rough texture
Different types of lingual papillae? Which type does not contain taste buds?
Filliform (no taste buds, most numerous)
Fungiform (scattered)
Folliate (sides of the tongue)
Circumvallate
Where are the circumvallate papillae located on the tongue?
Just anterior to the sulcus terminalis
What is the sulcus terminalis?
V-shaped groove on the tongue
Demarcates the junction of the oral and pharnygeal portions of the tongue)
Innervation of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Genioglossus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Palatoglossus
Muscles of mastication?
Which nerve are they supplied by?
- Lateral pterygoid
- Medial pterygoid
- Temporalis
- Masseter
Mandibular branch of trigeminal (CN V3)
What type of epithelium makes up the fauces?
What is the nerve supply to the area?
Stratified, non-keratinized squamous epithelium
Pharyngeal plexus - CN IX & X
What arteries supply the hypopharynx?
Neural innervation?
Superior thyroid artery, lingual artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery
Nerve supply from pharyngeal plexus
Superior and inferior boundaries of the hypopharynx?
3 subsites of the hypopharynx?
- Superior margin of epiglottis to lower border of cricoid cartilage
- Pyriform sinus
- Post-cricoid area
- Posterior pharyngeal wall
3 phases of swallowing?
- Oral phase (tongue moves food bolus to pharynx)
- Pharyngeal phase
- Oesophageal phase (peristalsis once food passes UOS, controlled by myenteric plexus)
What nerves are involved in the swallowing reflex that is triggered when food enters the pharynx?
Afferent - CN V, IX, X
Efferent - CN VII, X, XII
What happens during the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?
- Soft palate pulled upwards
- Epiglottis covers larynx, larynx moves upwards
- UOS relaxes
- Respiration inhibited
Functions of the larynx?
- Part of respiratory tract
- Voice
- Assisting swallowing
How is the larynx divided?
- Supraglottis - tip of glottis to floor of ventricular fold
- Glottis - true vocal fold to 5mm inferior
- Subglottis - 5mm inferior of the true vocal fold to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
Seven segments of cartilages in the larynx?
- Cricoid cartilage
- Thyroid cartilage
- Epiglottis
Paired arytenoid cartilages- Corniculate
- Cuneiform
What do the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the larynx do?
Extrinsic (suprahyoid etc.) - move the entire laryngeal complex
Intrinsic (arytenoid muscles) - regulate the movement of the vocal folds
What nerve is responsible for the motor innervation of the larynx?
CNX - recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies all except the cricothyroid muscle which is - External laryngeal nerve
What nerves provide sensory innervation for the larynx?
Supraglottic - internal laryngeal nerve
Glottic and subglottic - recurrent laryngeal nerve
One of the recurrent laryngeal nerves has a longer loop. Which is it? Why?
Consequences?
Left recurrent laryngeal because it loops around the aortic arch instead of the right subclavian artery
Higher chance of injury during surgery
Where does the superior laryngeal nerve divide into an internal and external branch?
Level of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone
What part of the larynx is innervated by the internal laryngeal nerve?
Supraglottis - thyrohyoid membrane
Also allows for increased airway protection
What influences phonation during speech?
Flow of air through vocal cords (position, tension, length, vibration)
What influences resonation during speech?
Oral/nasal speech balance
Depends on nasopharynx, nasal cavity and oral cavity
What influences articulation in speech?
Determined by the action of lips, tongue and jaw
What is the prosody of speech? What structures influence it?
Rhythm, stress and intonation of speech
Left frontal lobe of the brain
