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Head and Neck > Anatomy/Physiology - Throat > Flashcards

Anatomy/Physiology - Throat Flashcards

1
Q

3 divisions of the pharynx?

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx (hypopharynx)
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2
Q

What is the fauces? What is it bounded by?

A

Arched opening at the back of the mouth, leading to the pharynx
Bounded by:
- palatoglossal arch to posterior pharyngeal wall
- Lower border of soft palate to upper margin of epiglottis
- Lateral: faucial pillars & palatine tonsils

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3
Q

What is the oral vestibule?

A

Space between lips and teeth

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4
Q

Boundaries of the oral cavity?

A

Lips - anterior border of palatoglossal arch
Palate - floor of mouth/tongue
Buccal mucosa of cheeks

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5
Q

What muscle does the parotid duct pierce? Where on the inner surface of the cheek does it open?

A

Buccinator muscle

Usually opposite the maxillary second molar

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6
Q

Which muscle divides the submandibular gland? What are the divisions called?

A

Mylohyoid muscle

Superficial and deep lobes

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7
Q

Which nerve provides afferent somatic innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Which nerve is it a branch of?

A

Lingual nerve

Branch of the trigeminal, but also carries the chorda tympani nerve (branch of the facial nerve)

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8
Q

What sensation does the chorda tympani nerve supply to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Which cranial nerve is it a branch of?

A

Taste

Branch of the Facial (CN VII) nerve

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9
Q

Functions of the oral cavity?

A 
Taste 
Mastication (teeth/tongue)
Speech (tongue/cheeks/lips)
Digestion (salivary enzymes)
Swallowing (tongue, palate)
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10
Q

What are the lingual papillae?

A

Protrusions on the upper surface of the tongue, give the tongue its rough texture

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11
Q

Different types of lingual papillae? Which type does not contain taste buds?

A

Filliform (no taste buds, most numerous)

Fungiform (scattered)

Folliate (sides of the tongue)

Circumvallate

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12
Q

Where are the circumvallate papillae located on the tongue?

A

Just anterior to the sulcus terminalis

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13
Q

What is the sulcus terminalis?

A

V-shaped groove on the tongue

Demarcates the junction of the oral and pharnygeal portions of the tongue)

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14
Q

Innervation of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

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15
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Genioglossus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Palatoglossus

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16
Q

Muscles of mastication?

Which nerve are they supplied by?

A
  1. Lateral pterygoid
  2. Medial pterygoid
  3. Temporalis
  4. Masseter

Mandibular branch of trigeminal (CN V3)

17
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the fauces?

What is the nerve supply to the area?

A

Stratified, non-keratinized squamous epithelium

Pharyngeal plexus - CN IX & X

18
Q

What arteries supply the hypopharynx?

Neural innervation?

A

Superior thyroid artery, lingual artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery

Nerve supply from pharyngeal plexus

19
Q

Superior and inferior boundaries of the hypopharynx?

3 subsites of the hypopharynx?

A
  • Superior margin of epiglottis to lower border of cricoid cartilage
  • Pyriform sinus
  • Post-cricoid area
  • Posterior pharyngeal wall
20
Q

3 phases of swallowing?

A
  1. Oral phase (tongue moves food bolus to pharynx)
  2. Pharyngeal phase
  3. Oesophageal phase (peristalsis once food passes UOS, controlled by myenteric plexus)
21
Q

What nerves are involved in the swallowing reflex that is triggered when food enters the pharynx?

A

Afferent - CN V, IX, X

Efferent - CN VII, X, XII

22
Q

What happens during the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?

A
  • Soft palate pulled upwards
  • Epiglottis covers larynx, larynx moves upwards
  • UOS relaxes
  • Respiration inhibited
23
Q

Functions of the larynx?

A
  • Part of respiratory tract
  • Voice
  • Assisting swallowing
24
Q

How is the larynx divided?

A
  1. Supraglottis - tip of glottis to floor of ventricular fold
  2. Glottis - true vocal fold to 5mm inferior
  3. Subglottis - 5mm inferior of the true vocal fold to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
25
Q

Seven segments of cartilages in the larynx?

A
  • Cricoid cartilage
  • Thyroid cartilage
  • Epiglottis
    Paired arytenoid cartilages
    • Corniculate
    • Cuneiform
26
Q

What do the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the larynx do?

A

Extrinsic (suprahyoid etc.) - move the entire laryngeal complex

Intrinsic (arytenoid muscles) - regulate the movement of the vocal folds

27
Q

What nerve is responsible for the motor innervation of the larynx?

A

CNX - recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies all except the cricothyroid muscle which is - External laryngeal nerve

28
Q

What nerves provide sensory innervation for the larynx?

A

Supraglottic - internal laryngeal nerve

Glottic and subglottic - recurrent laryngeal nerve

29
Q

One of the recurrent laryngeal nerves has a longer loop. Which is it? Why?
Consequences?

A

Left recurrent laryngeal because it loops around the aortic arch instead of the right subclavian artery

Higher chance of injury during surgery

30
Q

Where does the superior laryngeal nerve divide into an internal and external branch?

A

Level of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone

31
Q

What part of the larynx is innervated by the internal laryngeal nerve?

A

Supraglottis - thyrohyoid membrane

Also allows for increased airway protection

32
Q

What influences phonation during speech?

A

Flow of air through vocal cords (position, tension, length, vibration)

33
Q

What influences resonation during speech?

A

Oral/nasal speech balance

Depends on nasopharynx, nasal cavity and oral cavity

34
Q

What influences articulation in speech?

A

Determined by the action of lips, tongue and jaw

35
Q

What is the prosody of speech? What structures influence it?

A

Rhythm, stress and intonation of speech

Left frontal lobe of the brain

Head and Neck (15 decks)

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