ent anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
in embryology, during what weeks do the pharyngeal arches develop?
A
weeks 4/5
2
Q
in embryology, the pharyngeal arches are externally separated by what?
A
pharyngeal clefts
3
Q
pharyngeal clefts are made of what- endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm?
A
ectoderm
4
Q
in embryology, the pharyngeal arches are internally separated by what?
A
pharyngeal pouches
5
Q
pharyngeal pouches are made of what- endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm?
A
endoderm
6
Q
what type of cartilage is nasal cartilage?
A
hyaline cartilage
7
Q
what is the medical name for the bridge of the nose?
A
the dorsum of the nose
8
Q
what is the medical name for the wings of the nose?
A
ala
alae is pleural
9
Q
what is the name for the vertical groove between the base of the nose and the upper border of the lip?
A
philtrum of the upper lip
10
Q
how does cartilage obtain it’s nutrients?
A
nutrient diffusion from other structures
11
Q
what bones make up the roof of the nasal cavities?
A
cribriform plate of ethmoid bone (mainly)
+ some sphenoid bone and some frontal bone
12
Q
what bones make up the septum of the nose?
A
perpendicular plate of ethmoid + vomer
13
Q
which Le Fort fractures disrupt the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone?
A
Le Fort 2
Le Fort 3
14
Q
what separates the nasal cavities from the anterior cranial fossa?
A
the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
15
Q
why must a nasal septal haematoma be incised and drained?
A
to prevent avascular necrosis of the septal cartilage (which relies on nutrient diffusion)
16
Q
what bones make up the floor of the nasal cavities?
A
palatine process of maxillary bone + some palatine bone
17
Q
what bones make up the lateral walls of the nasal cavities?
A
superior, middle and inferior conchae + some maxillary, sphenoid and palatine bones
18
Q
what are the 3 types of mucosa present in the nasal cavities?
A
- keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
- respiratory epithelium
- olfactory epithelium
19
Q
which mucosa is present in the vestibule of the nasal cavity (very first part) and has a protective function?
A
keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
20
Q
what mucosa covers the majority of the nasal cavities?
A
respiratory epithelium
21
Q
what mucosa covers the smell-sensing olfactory area of the nasal cavities?
A
olfactory mucosa
22
Q
what is the only function of CN I
A
special sensory function- smell
23
Q
Describe the route of the 1st neurones in the olfactory nerve chain?
A
individual receptor cells start in olfactory mucosa and pass through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone till they synapse at olfactory bulb
24
Q
which lobe does the olfactory tract end in?
A
temporal lobe
25
which cranial nerve supplies special sense of smell to olfactory mucosa in the nasal cavities?
olfactory nerve
26
which cranial nerve supplies somatic sensory nerve supply to the nasal cavities? (not-specific)
trigeminal nerve
27
specifically, what nerves supply the anterosuperior section of the nasal cavity?
anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of the nasociliary nerve- a branch of the opthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
28
specifically, what nerves supply the posteroinferior section of the nasal cavity?
nasopalatine and greater palatine nerves- branches of the maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
29
what are the main arteries which supply the nasal cavities? (non-specific)
facial artery
maxillary artery
ophthalmic artery
30
is the facial artery a branch of the internal or external carotid?
external carotid
31
is the maxillary artery a branch of the internal or external carotid?
external carotid
32
is the ophthalmic artery a branch of the internal or external carotid?
internal carotid
33
what branches of the facial artery (of the external carotid artery) supply the nasal cavities?
at septum: septal branch of superior labial branch of facial artery
at lateral wall: lateral nasal branch of facial artery
34
what branches of the maxillary artery (of the external carotid artery) supply the nasal cavities?
sphenopalatine and greater palatine arteries of the maxillary artery
(medially and laterally)
35
what branches of the ophthalmic artery (of the internal carotid artery) supply the nasal cavities?
anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of the ophthalmic artery
36
what is Kisselbach's area?
an arterial anastomosis on the nasal septum, found just inside nasal vestibule
37
what is clinically relevant about Kisselbach's area?
a common site of epistaxis (nose bleeds)
38
what are the arteries which supply Kisselbach's area?
septal branch of superior Labial (of facial)
anterior and posterior Ethmoidal (of ophthalmic)
Greater palatine (of maxillary)
Sphenopalatine (of maxillary)
39
compare inferior conchae to middle and superior conchae?
inferior conchae is a bone in it's own right
| middle and superior conchae are part of the ethmoid bone
40
there are spaces just below each nasal conchae, what are these called?
a meatus
41
what are the 4 nasal meatuses?
sphenoethmoidal recess
superior meatus
middle meatus
inferior meatus
42
what sinuses drain into the nasal meatuses?
paranasal sinuses
43
what are ostia?
holes within the nasal meatuses of the lateral walls which allow drainage of mucous from the paranasal sinuses
44
what are paranasal sinuses?
air-filed spaces within bones of cranium
45
what are the 4 types of paranasal sinuses?
frontal sinuses x2
maxillary sinuses (antra) x2
ethmoidal air cells x2
spphenoidal sinuses x1/2
46
what are the frontal sinuses separated by?
bony septum
47
what type of mucosa lines the para-nasal sinuses?
respiratory mucosa
48
mucous drains into the nasal cavities from the paranasal sinuses via what?
ostia
49
what meatus does mucous from frontal sinuses drain into?
middle meatus
50
what meatus does mucous from ethmoidal air cells drain into?
superior and middle meatus
51
what meatus does mucous from sphenoid sinuses drain into?
sphenoethmoidal recess
52
what meatus does mucous from the maxillary sinuses drain into?
middle meatus
53
what meatus does lacrimal fluid from lacrimal glands drain into?
inferior meatus
54
why can cold weather or smoking cause sinusitis?
cold weather/smoke can interfere with cilia movement so less mucous is drained out leading to infection
55
what causes the feeling of a blocked nose?
mucosa swelling up
56
why can a viral URTI cause sinusitis?
mucosa swells up so reduces the diameter of ostia, mucous can't get out so will lead to infection
57
what nerves supply painful sensation of sinuses? (as in sinusitis)
CN V1 and V2
58
where is sinusitis pain often referred?
teeth
59
which sinuses are the most predisposed to sinusitis?
maxillary sinus
60
why is the maxillary sinus most predisposed to sinusitis?
the mucous has to drain against gravity
61
what cranial bone contains the organs of hearing and balance?
temporal bone
62
what cranial nerves does the temporal bone contain?
- facial nerve
| - vestibulocochlear nerves
63
what are the 2 parts of the temporal bone?
petrous part
| squamour part
64
what is the pterion of the skull?
the thinnest part of the skull
65
what bones is the pterion of the skull made of?
sphenoid,
parietal,
temporal,
frontal
66
what fossa does the TMJ sit in?
mandibular fossa
67
which bones are part of the anterior cranial fossa?
frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
68
which bones are part of the middle cranial fossa?
sphenoid and temporal
69
which bones are part of the posterior cranial fossa?
tempora and occipital
70
whaich foramen in the base of the skull does CN I enter/leave through?
cribriform plate of the ethmoid
71
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN II enter/leave through?
optic canal
72
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN III enter/leave through?
superior orbital fissure
73
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN IV enter/leave through?
superior orbital fissure
74
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN Va enter/leave through?
superior orbital fissure
75
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN Vb enter/leave through?
foramen rotundum
76
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN Vc enter/leave through?
foramen ovale
77
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN VI enter/leave through?
superior orbital fissure
78
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN VII enter/leave through?
internal acoustic meatus
79
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN VIII enter/leave through?
internal acoustic meatus
80
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN IX enter/leave through?
jugular foramen
81
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN X enter/leave through?
jugular foramen
82
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN XI enter/leave through?
jugular foramen
83
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN XII enter/leave through?
hypoglossal canal
84
what is the external ear flap called?
auricle or pinna
85
what is the external ear made up of?
auricle to tympanic membrane
86
what is the name of the canal which carries sound from auricle to tympanic membrane?
external acoustic meatus
87
what is the middle ear made up of?
tympanic membrane to oval window
88
what is the internal ear made up of?
oval window to internal acoustic meatus
89
what is the function of the external ear?
collects and conveys sound waves to tympanic membrane
90
what is the function of the middle ear?
amplifies and conducts sound waves to the internal ear
91
what is the function of the internal ear?
converts special sensory information into fluid waves then into APs which are taken to the brain
92
which part of the temporal bones is involved in the external ear?
petrous part and squamous part
93
what is the ratio of cartilage to bone within the ear canal? (external acoustic meatus)
1/3 cartilage
| 2/3 bony
94
the ear canal produces ear wax via which glands?
ceruminous glands
95
what is the name of the elevated part of the auricle which sticks out? (around the superior border of the auricle)
helix
96
what is the main sensory supplier of the auricle?
C2,3 spinal nerve
97
what is the sensory supply of the external acoustic meatus and external tympanic membrane?
mainly CN V3
| also some CN X
98
what nerve supplies a small amount of sensory innervation around the external acoustic meatus entrance?
CN VII
99
where does lymph from the lateral surface of the superior half of the auricle drain?
parotid lymph nodes
100
where does lymph from the cranial surface of the superior half of the auricle drain?
mastoid lymph nodes
| some go to deep cervical
101
where does lymph from the auricle (excluding superior surfaces) go?
superficial cervical lymph nodes
102
compare which way you pull the auricle for an otoscopic examination for children and adults?
children: pull auricle posteroinferiorly
adults: pull auricle posterosuperiorly
103
what is the umbo of the tympanic membrane?
the most inwardly depressed part of the tympanic membrane
104
what is the pars flaccida of the tympanic membrane?
the thin part of the tympanic membrane
105
where is the pars flaccida of the tympanic membrane located?
superiorly
106
what is the pars tensa of the tympanic membrane?
the thick part of the tympanic membrane
107
where is the pars tensa of the tympanic membrane located?
posteroinferiorly
108
what is the sensory supply of the internal tympanic membrane?
CN IX
109
what does the eustachian tube connect?
middle ear cavity to nasopharynx
110
why can tonsilitis or pharyngitis mimic earache?
referred pain since both are all are supplied by CN IX
111
what are the auditory ossicles?
the 3 bones of the middle ear
112
what type of joints do the auditory ossicles articulate via?
synovial joints
113
what is the name of the 3 auditory ossicles?
malleus
incus
stapes
114
what bone is adhered to the internal tympanic membrane and creates the umbo?
malleus
115
the base of what bone fits into the oval window?
stapes
116
what is the name of the area within the middle ear which is superior to the tympanic membrane?
epitympanic recess
117
what is the name of the area within the middle ear which is posterior to the tympanic membrane?
tympanic cavity
118
what is the aditus?
the connection from the epitympanic recess to the mastoid process
119
why can infection spread from middle ear cavity to mastoid process and cause mastoiditis?
infection can spread through aditus
120
what is the name of the bony swelling on the medial wall of the tympanic cavity formed by the cochlea of the internal ear?
promontory
121
which semicircular canal of the internal ear forms a bony prominence on the medial wall of the tympanic cavity?
lateral semicircular canal
122
what are the functions of the facial nerve? (ie motor or sensory etc)
motor
sensory
special sensory
parasympathetic
123
the facial canal connects what foraminae?
interal acoustic meatus to stylomastoid foramen
124
what is the stapedius?
a muscle which reduces the stapes movement to protect the internal ear from excessive noise
125
what is the chorda tympani?
a branch from the CN VII
126
what is the function of the chorda tympani?
- special sensory to anterior 2/3 of tongue
| - parasympathetic supply to sublingual and submandibular glands
127
what part of the temporal bone is the CN VII within?
petrous part of the temporal bone
128
what nerve innervates the stapedius?
a branch of CN VII
129
where does the chorda tympani branch off of the facial nerve?
just before the stylomastoid foramen
130
what nerve does the chorda tympani hitch a lift with to the tongue?
the lingual nerve of CN V3
131
what part of the temporal bone is the internal ear in?
petrous part
132
what are the 2 parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
cochlear nerve
| vestibular nerve
133
what is the function of the cochlear nerve?
hearing
134
what is the function of the vestibular nerve?
balance
135
what is the otic capsule/bony labyrinth?
the rigid, bony outer wall of the inner ear within the temporal bone
136
what fluid fills the bony labyrinth?
perilymph
137
what is suspended within the perilymph within the ebony labyrinth?
membranous labyrinth
138
what fluid is within the membranous labyrinth?
endolymph
139
what is the name of the spiral part of the inner ear?
cochlea
140
what is the name of the apex of the cochlea?
cupula
141
once pressure waves within the internal ear are detected, where do they become dampened?
at the round window
142
what is the name of the band of tissue which binds the tongue to the floor of the month?
frenulum
143
what is a tongue tie?
when the frenulum is too short so you can't stick your tongue out as far
144
what are the 3 major salivary glands?
parotid x2
submandibular x2
sublingual x2
145
what muscles does the parotid duct pierce?
the buccinator
146
what papilla does the parotid duct open onto?
parotid papilla
147
what papilla does the submandibular duct open onto?
sublingual papilla
148
where is the parotid gland and duct in relation to the masseter?
superficial to the masseter
149
what is the muscle of the floor of the mouth?
mylohyoid
150
where is the sublingual gland?
in the floor of the mouth
151
which nerve supplies the submandibular gland with parasympathetic innervation?
chorda tympani of the facial nerve
152
which nerve supplies the sublingual gland with parasympathetic innervation?
chorda tympani of the facial nerve
153
which nerve supplies the parotid gland with parasympathetic innervation?
glossopharyngeal nerve
154
what nerve does the glossopharyngeal nerve hitch a ride with to get to the parotid gland?
auriculotemporal branch of CN V3
155
what mucosa covers the tongue?
lingual mucosa
156
what nerve supplies taste to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?
chorda tympani of facial nerve
157
what nerve supplies general sensory supply to the anterior 2/3 of tongue?
CN V3
158
what nerve supplies general sensory supply to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
CN IX
159
what is the origin of the thyroid gland?
foramen caecum
160
where is the foramen caecum?
at the apex of the terminal groove
161
what does the terminal groove divide?
the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of tongue
162
where can thyroglossal duct cysts or ectopic thyroid tissue be found?
any position in the midline migratory path
163
why do thyroid swellings move superior then inferiorly on swallowing?
due to attachment to the larynx
164
what are the 4 pairs of extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
hyoglossus
palatoglossus
styloglossus
genioglossus
165
how many pairs of intrinsic tongue muscles are there?
4 pairs
166
compare the function of extrinsic and intrinsic tongue muscles?
extrinsic- change position of tongue
| intrinsic- change shape of tongue
167
in unilateral CN XII damage, when sticking the tongue out, will the tip point towards or away from the side of injury?
towards
168
where is the hypoglossal nerve in relation to the loop of the lingual artery?
lateral to the loop
169
what fossa do the palatine tonsils sit in?
tonsillar fossa
170
which blood vessels are important for absorbing sublingual medication?
lingual veins
171
what does the hyoglossus attach the tongue to?
the hyoid bone
172
what does the stylogossus attach the tongue to?
the styloid process
173
what does the palatoglossus attach the tongue to?
the soft palate
174
what does the genioglossus attach the tongue to?
the genial tubercles
175
what are the 5 pairs of muscles of the soft palate?
```
levator veli palatini
tensor veli palatini
palatoglossus
palatopharyngeus
musculus uvulae
```
176
what is the funciton of the levator veli palatini?
lifts the soft palate
177
what is the function of the tensor veli palatini?
tenses the soft palate
178
what muscles of the soft palate make up the arches?
anterior arch = palatoglossus
| posterior arch = palatopharyngeus
179
what is the tonsillar fossa?
a space bounded by the arches of the soft palate
180
what nerve supplies motor function to the hyoglossus?
the hypoglossal nerve
181
what nerve supplies motor function to the palatoglossus?
vagus nerve
182
what nerve supplies motor function to the styloglossus?
hypoglossal nerve
183
what nerve supplies motor function to the genioglossus?
hypoglossal nerve
184
what nerve supplies motor function to the palatopharyngeus?
vagus nerve
185
what nerve supplies motor function to the tensor veli palatini?
CN V3
186
what nerve supplies motor function to the levator veli palatini?
vagus nerve
187
what nerve supplies motor function to the musculus uvulae?
vague nerve
188
if there is unilateral CN X or CN V3 nerve pathology, will the uvula be pushed towards or pulled away from the non-functioning side?
pushed away from
189
what nerves are tested by looking at if the uvula lifts in the midline?
CN V3 and X
190
what nerves are tested by looking at if the tip of the tongue sticks out in the midline?
CN XII
191
what are the different constrictor muscles of the pharynx?
superior, middle, inferior
192
what do all the pharyngeal constrictor muscles insert onto?
the midline raphe
193
are pharyngeal constrictor muscles skeletal muscles or smooth?
skeletal
194
what nerve supplies the pharyngeal constrictor muscles?
vagus
195
what muscle makes up the upper oesophageal sphincter?
cricopharyngeus
196
what tubercle does the midline raphe or the posterior pharynx start at superiorly?
pharyneal tubercle of the occipital bone
197
what are the 3 pairs of longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?
palatopharyngeus
stylopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus
198
what does the stylopharyngeus attach the pharynx to?
styloid process
199
what does the palatopharyngeus attach the pharynx to?
soft palate
200
what does the salpingopharyngeus attach the pharynx to?
the cartilage of the eustachian tube
201
what nerve supplies motor innervation to the salpingopharyngeus?
vagus
202
what nerve supplies motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus?
glossopharyngeal
203
what are the known as the internal nostrils?
choana
204
what is the opening that connects the pharynx to the larynx?
the laryngeal inlet
205
what tonsils are found in the tonsillar fossa?
palatine tonsils
206
which tonsils are found in the mucosa of the posterior 1/3 of tongue?
lingual tonsils
207
which tonsils are found in the mucosa of the eustachian of tube opening?
tubal tonsils
208
which tonsils are found in the mucosa of the roof of the nasopharynx?
pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
209
where is 'palate associated lymphoid tissue' found?
in the mucosa of the soft palate
210
which lymph node drains the palatine tonsil?
jugulo-digastric node
211
wichin which layer of the pretrachial fascia is the larynx within?
visceral layer
212
what 5 important structures are enclosed within the pretracheal fascia of the neck?
- strap muscles
- larynx and trachea
- pharynx and oesophagus
- thyroid gland
- recurrent laryngeal nerves
213
at what vertebral level is the larynx found?
C4-6
214
at what vertebral level is the hyoid bone found?
C3
215
at what vertebral level is the cricoid cartilage found?
C6
216
at what vertebral level does the larynx become the trachea?
C6
217
at which vertebral level does the pharynx become the oesophagus?
C6
218
what is the name of the tissue that connects the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone?
thyrohyoid membrane
219
what is the name of the tissue between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage?
cricothyroid membrane
220
what smooth muscle completes the posterior wall of the trachea?
trachealis
221
what movement does the cricothyroid joint allow?
'nodding' AP movmenet
222
what type of joint is the cricothyroid joint?
synovial
223
what do the vocal cords attach between?
internal aspect of thyroid cartilage and vocal processes of arytenoid
224
what is the name of the space between the tongue and the epiglottis?
vallecula
225
what type of epithelium lines the larynx?
respiratory epithelium
226
what type of epithelium lines the true vocal cords?
stratified squamous epithelium
227
compare the locations of false and true vocal cords?
false are more superior
228
what are the false vocal cords actually?
vestibular folds
229
which nerve supplies sensory innervation to the laryngeal mucosa superior to the vocal cords?
superior laryngeal branches of vagus
230
which nerve supplies sensory innervation to the laryngeal mucosa of the vocal folds and inferior?
inferior laryngeal branches of vagus
231
what is the inferior laryngeal nerve a continuation of?
the recurrent laryngeal nerve
232
what nerve supplies the larynx with motor innervation?
vagus
233
what is the function of the cricothyroid muscles?
tense the vocal cords
234
what is the function of the thyro-arytenoid muscles?
relax the vocal cords
235
what is the function of the lateral crico-arytenoid muscles?
adduct the vocal cords
236
what is the function of the arytenoid muscles?
adduct the vocal cords
237
what happens when the arytenoid muscles and cricothyroid muscles contract?
tight closure of the airway sphincter
238
what is the function of the posterior crico-arytenoid muscles?
abduct the vocal cords
