Endo Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
what are the 3 parts of the brain stem?
A
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
2
Q
the spinal cord is an inferior continuation of what part of the brain?
A
medulla oblongata
3
Q
what is the diencephalon made of?
A
thalamus + hypothalamus
4
Q
what i the diencephalon?
A
the central core of the cerebrum
has connections to left and right cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain
5
Q
what connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
A
the infundibulum
/pituitary stalk
6
Q
what are the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland?
A
posterior lobe
anterior lobe
7
Q
what fossa does the pituitary gland sit in?
A
the pituitary fossa
8
Q
what bone is the pituitary fossa in?
A
the sphenoid bone
9
Q
what region of the sphenoid bone does the pituitary fossa lie within?
A
the sella turcica
turkish saddle
10
Q
what bounds the anterior cranial fossa anteriorly?
A
frontal bone
11
Q
what bounds the anteiror cranial fossa posteriorly?
A
the lesser wing of the sphenoid
12
Q
what bounds the middle cranial fossa anteriorly?
A
the lesser wing of the sphenoid
13
Q
what bounds the middle cranial fossa posteriorly?
A
the petrous part of the temple bones
14
Q
what bounds the posterior cranial fossa anteriorly?
A
the petrous part of the temple bones
15
Q
what part of the visual pathway lies just superior to the pituitary gland?
A
optic chiasm
16
Q
light rays from the temporal side of the visual field will be perceived by what retina?
A
nasal retina
17
Q
light rays from the nasal side of the visual field will be perceived by what retina?
A
temporal retina
18
Q
what nerves is the optic chiasm formed by?
A
left and right optic nerves
19
Q
what happens at the optic chiasm?
A
APs from the temporal retina will remain on the same side and continue through on the same optic tract
APs from the nasal retina will cross to the other side of the optic tract at the chiasm
20
Q
after passing through the optic chiasm, where do the APs from the retina synapse?
A
pass posteriorly from the chiasm and synapse at the thalamus
21
Q
after synapsing in the thalamus, where do the APs from the retina synapse?
A
pass posteriorly from the thalamus and synapse in the visual cortex
22
Q
what bone is the visual cortex within?
A
occipital bone
23
Q
what do the axons in the chain from the thalamus to the visual cortex pass via?
A
the optic radiation
24
Q
what does early compression of a pituitary tumour cause to the visual pathway?
A
bitemporal hemianopia
blindness in temporal field will occur
25
why does bitemporal hemianopia occur by an early pituitary tumour?
tumour causes midline compression of the optic chiasm. this disrupts the APs coming from the nasal retina bilaterally as they try to cross at the chiasm.
therefore temporal side of visual field is lost bilaterally
26
what are the 2 main ways of surgical access to the pituitary fossa?
transcranial approach (subfrontal- under the frontal lobe)
transsphenoid approach (via nasal cavities and sphenoid sinus)
27
what 2 bones make up the midline nasal septum?
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid (superiorly)
| vomer (inferiorly)
28
what is the roof of the nasal cavity?
the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
29
what bone is the hard palate mostly made of?
maxlla
30
where does the paranasal air sinus sit in relation to the pituitary gland?
paranasal air sinus sits anteriorly to the pituitary gland
31
what bones are the superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae components of?
superior and middle conchae are components of the ethmoid bone
inferior conchae is a bone in it's own right
32
what are the 4 paranasal sinuses?
```
frontal sinuses (frontal bone)
maxillary sinuses (maxillae)
ethmoidal air cells (ethmoid bone)
sphenoid sinuses (sphenoid bone)
```
33
what cells line the paranasal sinuses?
mucous-secreting respiratory mucosa
34
what are the largest paranasal sinuses?
maxillary sinuses
35
where are the ethmoid air cells located?
3 groups- inferior, middle, superior- located between the nasal cavity and the orbit
36
where is the fracture in a Le Fort 1 fracture?
fracture passes horizontally across the maxilla
37
what does a Le Fort 1 fracture separate?
the hard palate from the maxilla
38
where is the fracture in a Le Fort 2 fracture?
fracture between maxillae and zygomatic bones
and
fracture between maxilae and nasal bones
39
what does a Le Fort 2 fracture separate?
the maxilla from the rest of the skull
40
what does a Le Fort 3 fracture separate?
neurocranium from viscerocranium
41
where does the olfactory (CN I) nerve leave the skull?
cribiform plate
42
where does the optic (CN II) nerve leave the skull?
optic foramen
43
where does the oculomotor (CN III) nerve leave the skull?
superior orbital fissure
44
where does the trochlear (CN IV) nerve leave the skull?
superior orbital fissure
45
where does the opthalmic division of the trigeminal (CN V1) nerve leave the skull?
superior orbital fissure
46
where does the maxillary division of the trigeminal (CN V2) nerve leave the skull?
foramen rotundum
47
where does the mandibular division of the trigeminal (CN V3) nerve leave the skull?
foramen ovale
48
where does the abducens (CN VI) nerve leave the skull?
superior orbital fissure
49
where does the facial (CN VII) nerve leave the skull?
internal auditory canal
50
where does the vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) leave the skull?
internal auditory canal
51
where does the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) leave the skull?
jugular foramen
52
where does the vagus (CN X) nerve leave the skull?
jugular foramen
53
where does the spinal accessory (CN XI) nerve leave the skull?
jugular foramen
54
where does the hypoglossal (CN XII) nerve leave the skull?
hypoglossal canal
55
what is the entire cranial cavity lined internally with?
dura mater
56
what is the tentorium cerebelli?
a tough sheet of dura mater which 'tents' over the cerebellum
57
which cranial fossa is the tentorium cerebelli in?
posterior cranial fossa
58
why is there a central gap within the tentorium cerebelli?
to permit the brainstem to pass through
59
what is the diaphragm sellae?
a tough sheet of dura mater forming a roof over the pituitary fossa
60
what is formed in the areas where the 2 sheets of dura mater have a gap between them instead of being so tightly adhered?
dural venous sinuses
61
where do the dural venous sinuses drain blood from?
most of the venous blood from the cranial cavity (including brain)
62
where do the dural venous sinuses drain blood to?
internal jugular veins
63
where do dural venous sinuses drain venous blood to the internal jugular veins?
at the jugular forminae in the floor of the posterior cranial fossa
64
what is the name for the dural venous sinuses that surround the pituitary gland?
cavernous sinuses and intercavernous sinuses
65
what connects the left and right cavernous sinuses?
the intercavernous sinuses
66
what are the 5 cranial nerves at risk in pituitary gland surgery?
- oculomotor nerve
- trochlear nerve
- trigeminal nerve a + b
- abducens nerve
67
what arteries are at risk in pituitary gland surgery?
internal carotid arteries
68
what dural venous sinuses are at risk in pituitary gland surgery?
cavernous sinuses
69
what happens when there is injury to the trigeminal (CN V) nerve?
sensory symptoms on the face
| difficulty chewing
70
what happens when there is iatrogenic injury to the abducent (CN VI) nerve?
problems with specific eye movements
71
what happens when there is iatrogenic injury to the cavernous sinus?
venous haemorrhage
72
what happens when there is iatrogenic injury to the internal carotid artery?
catostrophic haemorrhage
73
what happens when there is iatrogenic injury to the dura mater?
cerebrospinal fluid leak
74
what does the thyroid gland consist of?
a right and left lobe
| an isthmus joining to the 2 lobes
75
what are the lobes of the thyroid gland attached to?
the lateral aspects of the thyroid and cricoid cartilage and
| the trachea
76
the isthmus of the thyroid gland lies anteriorly to which cartilages of the trachea?
2nd/3rd cartilages of the trachea
77
what surface of the thyroid gland's lateral lobes are the parathyroid glands located?
on the posteiror surface of the thyroid gland's lateral lobes
78
what 2 pyramidal shaped bits of cartilage attach to the superior surface of the posterior cricoid cartilage?
arytenoid cartilage
79
what extra lobe of thyroid gland can sometimes be present?
pyramidal lobe
80
most frequently, which lobe is the pyraimdal lobe of the thyroid gland a superior extension of?
the left lobe
81
where do most pyramidal lobes of the thyroid gland attach superiorly?
to the thyroid cartilage
82
where is the foramen caecum of the tongue?
at the junction between the anterior 2/3rds and the posteiror 1/3rd of the tongue
83
where does the thyroid begin its embryological development?
at the junction between the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
84
in embryology, the thyroid gland migrates inferiorly from the tongue to the adult anatomical position following what duct?
thyroglossal duct
85
in what week of development does the thyroid gland reach it's final position?
7th week
86
what muscles are present in the superficial fascia of the neck?
the right and left platysma
87
what is the function of the platysma muscles?
muscles of facial expression
| brings corners of mouth down into a sad face
88
what is the nerve supply of the platysma muscle?
facial nerve (CN VII)
89
what are the 4 deep fascia compartents of the neck?
investing deep fascia
prevertebral deep fascia
carotid sheaths (2)
pretracheal deep fascia
90
what is the most superficial of the deep fascia layers of the neck?
investing deep fascia
91
what muscles are enclosed in the investing deep fascia of the neck??
trapezius (descending)
| sternocleidomastoid
92
what muscles are enclosed in the prevertebral deep fascia of the neck?
posural neck muscles
93
what do the carotid sheaths enclose?
internal jugular vein
carotid artery
vagus nerves
deep cervical lymph nodes
94
what does th epretracheal deep fascia of the neck enclose?
```
strap muscles
thyroid gland
trachea
oesophagus
recurrent laryngeal nerves
```
95
where does the sternal head of the sternocleidomastoid attach?
to the manubrium of the sternum
96
where does the clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid attach?
to the medial end of the clavicle
97
what is the common attachment of the sternocleidomastoid?
the mastoid process of the temporal bone
98
what does the anterior jugular vein drain into?
external jugular vein
99
what does the external jugular vein drain into?
subclavian vein
100
what muscle belly does the external jugular vein cross?
sternocleidomastoid
101
what blood vessel do the superior thyroid arteries come from?
external carotid arteries
102
what blood vessel do the inferior thyroid arteries come from?
subclavian arteries
103
what do the superior thyroid veins drain into?
internal jugular veins
104
what do the middle thyroid veins drain into?
internal jugular veins
105
what do the inferior thyroid veins drain into?
both into left brachiocephalic vein
106
what structure does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve (from the vagus nerve) hook up round?
the right subclavian vein
107
what structure does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve (From the vagus nerve) hook up round?
arch of the aorta
108
do the right and left vagus nerves pass anteriorly or posteriorly to to the lung root?
posteriorly
109
what structure do the vagus nerves pass through the diaphragm with?
the oesophagus
110
what are the 4 strap muscles? indicate which 2 are more superficial and which 2 are more deep?
sternohyoid + omohyoid
(superficial)
thyrohyoid + sternothyroid
111
what are the 2 bellies of the omohyoid?
superior belly and inferior belly
112
what are the attachments of the omohyoid?
scapula and hyoid bone
113
what are the attachments of the sternohyoid?
sternum and hyoid bone
114
what are the attachments of the thyrohyoid?
thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone
115
what are the attachments of the sternothyroid?
sternum and thyroid cartilage
116
what deep fascia column do the strap muscles sit within?
pretracheal deep fascia
117
what traingles does the sternocleidomastoid split the neck into?
posterior triangle and anterior triangle
118
compare unilateral and bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in terms of symptoms?
unilateral- hoarsenss
| bilateral- aphonia
119
why can bilateral recurrent laryngeal cause aspiration and inability to produce a good cough?
inability to close rima glottidis
