ENT Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
sphenoid sinus drains into
A
sphenoethmoid recess
2
Q
posterior ethmoidal air cells drain into
A
superior meatus
3
Q
frontal sinus, anterior ethmoidal air cells and maxillary sinus drain into
A
semilunar hiatus
4
Q
middle ethmoidal air cells drain into
A
ethmoidal bulla
5
Q
nasolacrimal duct drains into
A
inferior meatus
6
Q
skeleton surrounding brain
A
neurocranium
7
Q
facial skeleton
A
viscerocranium
8
Q
bone situated at the roof of the nasal cavity between the two orbital cavities
A
ethmoid bone
9
Q
bone that makes up the forehead
A
frontal bone
10
Q
bone at the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
A
inferior conchae
11
Q
bone located at the medial wall of the orbit
A
lacrimal bone
12
Q
bone that makes up the jaw
A
mandible
13
Q
bone that makes up the area surrounding the nose and between the nose and mouth
A
maxilla
14
Q
bone that makes up the nose
A
nasal bone
15
Q
bone that makes up the scalp
A
parietal bone
16
Q
connects neurocranium and viscerocranium, contains a lateral pterygoid plate and a medial pterygoid plate
A
sphenoid bone
17
Q
bone that makes up the skull around the ear
A
temporal bone
18
Q
bone in between the nostrils
A
vomer
19
Q
bone that makes up the cheekbones
A
zygomatic bone
20
Q
connection between sphenoid, parietal, frontal and temporal bones
A
pterion
21
Q
foramen that transmits the spinal cord
A
foramen magnum
22
Q
foramen that transmits the mandibular nerve
A
foramen ovale
23
Q
foramen that transmits the maxillary nerve
A
foramen rotundum
24
Q
foramen that transmits the frontal, lacrimal, nasociliary, abducent, trochlear and oculomotor (superior and inferior branches) nerves
A
superior orbital fissure
25
foramen that transmits CNIX-XI
jugular foramen
26
foramen that transmits the hypoglossal nerve and blood vessels
hypoglossal canal
27
foramen that gathers sound waves
external acoustic meatus
28
foramen that transmits the vestibulocochlear nerve, facial nerve and labyrinthine artery
internal acoustic meatus
29
foramen that transmits the olfactory nerve
cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
30
foramen that transmits the facial nerve and stylomastoid artery
stylomastoid foramen
31
foramen that transmits the greater palatine nerve and blood vessels
greater palatine foramen
32
foramen that transmits the lesser palatine nerve and arteries
lesser palatine foramen
33
area just inside the nostril that leads to the nasal cavity
nasal vestibules
34
the inside of most of the visible nose
respiratory regions
35
the part of the nasal cavity close to the roof
olfactory regions
36
the rounded part of the nostrils that is visible
ala
37
top of the nose between the eyebrows
root
38
the long anterior part of the nose
dorsum
39
cartilage on the lateral aspects of the nose
lateral cartilage
40
cartilage on the medial aspect of the nose
septal cartilage
41
small space in the nasal cavity posterior and superior to the superior concha
sphenoethmoidal recess
42
small space between the superior and middle conchae
superior meatus
43
small space between the middle and inferior conchae
middle meatus
44
small space under the inferior concha
inferior meatus
45
what cells are sinuses lined with?
respiratory epithelium
46
name the four sinuses
frontal, ethmoid air cells, sphenoid, maxillary
47
borders of the nasopharynx
posterior nasal cavity to soft palate
48
borders of the oropharynx
soft palate to superior border of epiglottis
49
borders of laryngopharynx
superior border of epiglottis to inferior border of cricoid cartilage
50
gap in the posterior nasal cavity
choanae
51
elevation in mucous membrane caused by underlying Eustachian tube
torus tubarius
52
a deep hole behind the Eustachian tube
pharyngeal recess
53
a raised ridge of mucous membrane extending along the wall of the pharynx
salpingopharyngeal fold
54
an opening that connects the middle ear with the nasal-sinus cavity
Eustachian tube
55
bundles of lymphatic tissue located in the lateral oropharynx
palatine tonsils
56
anterior arch of the oral cavity
palatoglossal arch
57
posterior arch of the oral cavity
palatopharyngeal arch
58
bundles of lymphatic tissue at the sides of the tongue at the base
lingual tonsil
59
the entrance to the larynx
laryngeal aditus
60
side branches from the vocal tract
piriform fossa
61
name the 9 pharyngeal cartilages
thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis, arytenoid cartilage (x2), corniculate cartilage (x2), cuneiform cartilage (x2)
62
what is the internal larynx lined with?
respiratory mucosa
63
area of larynx above vocal cords
laryngeal vestibule
64
structure that lies between the vocal and vestibular fold
laryngeal ventricle
65
laryngeal vestibule and ventricle collective term
supraglottis
66
space between the vocal cords and cricoid cartilage
infra-glottic cavity
67
Adam's apple
laryngeal prominence
68
connects thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone
thyrohyoid membrane
69
superior protuberance from thyroid cartilage
superior horn of thyroid cartilage
70
inferior protuberance from thyroid cartilage
inferior horn of thyroid cartilage
71
flat portion of cricoid cartilage
cricoid lamina
72
links vestibular ligament and epiglottis
quadrangular membrane
73
free lower edge of quadrangular membrane
vestibular ligament
74
medial edge of laryngeal triangular membrane
vocal ligament
75
links cricoid cartilage and vocal ligament
conus elasticus
76
processes of arytenoid cartilage
vocal and muscular
77
articulation between cricoid and arytenoid cartilages
cricoarytenoid joint
78
articulation between cricoid and thyroid cartilages
cricothyroid joint
79
most anterior aspect of the chin
mental protuberance
80
bony projection at the base of the temporal bone
mastoid process
81
elevation on posterior surface of occipital bone
external occipital protuberance
82
space between inside of lips and gums/teeth
oral vestibule
83
deep layer of fascia surrounding the vertebral column
prevertebral fascia
84
fascia arranged like a collar around the neck
investing fascia
85
fascia surrounding the trachea
pretracheal fascia
86
fascia surrounding internal carotid artery and CNIX-XII)
carotid sheath
87
anterior boundary of oral cavity
lips and oral fissure
88
opening between the lips
oral fissure
89
posterior boundary of oral cavity
isthmus of fauces
90
lateral boundary of oral cavity
cheeks
91
superior boundary of oral cavity
hard and soft palates
92
inferior boundary of oral cavity
floor of mouth
93
bit that hangs down at the back of the throat
uvula
94
gums
gingivae
95
opening for submandibular glands
sublingual caruncle
96
line in the middle underneath the tongue
lingual frenulum
97
crest of mucous membrane around the bottom of the tongue
sublingual fold
98
line between left and right palatine bones
medial palatine suture
99
connects nasal and oral cavities
incisive foramen
100
salivary glands in the palatal mucosa secrete...
mucous
101
mucosal elevations on anterior third of palate
palatal rugae
102
false vocal cord
vestibular fold
103
true vocal cord
vocal fold
104
septal cartilage aka
quadrilateral cartilage
105
foramen that transmits anterior ethmoidal artery, vein and nerve
anterior ethmoidal foramen
106
foramen that transmits posterior ethmoidal artery, vein and nerve
posterior ethmoidal foramen
107
foramen that transmits sphenopalatine artery, posterior superior lateral nasal nerve, and nasopalatine nerves
sphenopalatine foramen
108
two branches of ophthalmic artery
anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries
109
first branch from internal carotid artery after it enters the cranial cavity
ophthalmic artery
110
two branches of maxillary artery
sphenopalatine artery and descending palatine artery
111
branch of descending palatine artery
greater palatine artery
112
terminal branch of external carotid artery
maxillary artery
113
two branches of facial artery
septal branch of superior labial artery and lateral nasal artery
114
three origins of vessels supplying nasal cavity
facial, maxillary and ophthalmic arteries
115
five contributors to Keisselbach's plexus
anterior ethmoidal artery, posterior ethmoidal artery, septal branch of superior labial artery, sphenopalatine artery, and greater palatine artery
116
respiratory epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
117
olfactory epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells and receptor cells
118
what kind of neurons are receptor cells?
bipolar
119
function of nasal conchae
keep turbulent air in nasal cavity for a bit longer giving the receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium a chance to pick up odorants
120
olfactory pathway
olfactory nerves (receptor cells) in olfactory epithelium, pass up through cribriform plate, synapse in olfactory bulb, pass along olfactory tract to temporal lobe and other olfactory areas of brain
121
CNV1
ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
122
CNV2
maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
123
two foraminae that nasopalatine nerves pass through
sphenopalatine foramen and incisive foramen
124
what direction do greater palatine artery and sphenopalatine artery travel through incisive foramen?
ascending
125
what direction do nasopalatine nerves travel through incisive foramen?
descending
126
ophthalmic division sends axons through...
superior orbital fissure
127
maxillary division sends axons through...
foramen rotundum
128
trigeminal ganglion location
temporal bone
129
inferior portion of temporal bone
petrous portion
130
superior portion of temporal bone
squamous portion
131
slender projection inferiorly from temporal bone
styloid process
132
fissure in the temporal bone that runs from temporomandibular joint to tympanic cavity
petrotympanic fissure
133
depression in zygomatic process of temporal bone that the mandible articulates with
glenoid fossa
134
foramen medial to stylomastoid foramen which transmits the carotid artery
external carotid canal
135
the part of temporal bone which articulates with the zygomatic bone
zygomatic process
136
outer ear
cartilaginous pinna/auricle
137
ear canal
external acoustic meatus
138
medial end of external acoustic meatus
tympanic membrane
139
what forms the pinna?
elastic cartilage
140
where does the elastic cartilage of the pinna get nutrients?
skin
141
what forms the lateral third of internal acoustic meatus?
cartilage
142
what is the term to describe the structure of the internal acoustic meatus?
osseocartilaginous canal
143
what lines osseocartilaginous canal?
skin continuous with pinna
144
what glands produce earwax?
ceruminous glands
145
outer fold of ear
helix
146
Y-shaped second fold of ear
anti-helix
147
anterior protrusion of ear
tragus
148
inferior border of ear
anti-tragus
149
inferior protrusion of ear
ear lobe
150
cavity of ear underneath anti-helix
concha
151
nerve supply to posterior aspect of ear
C2, C3 - lesser occipital nerve
152
nerve supply to anterior aspect of ear
C2, C3 - greater auricular nerve
153
nerve supply to inferior aspects of external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane
CNX
154
nerve supply to superior aspects of external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane
CNV3
155
nerve supply to part of external acoustic meatus
CNVII
156
used to examine external acoustic meatus
otoscope
157
external acoustic meatus in a child
short and straight
158
how to examine external acoustic meatus in a child
gently pull ear posterioinferiorly
159
external acoustic meatus in an adult
curved
160
how to examine external acoustic meatus in an adult
gently pull ear posteriosuperiorly
161
thin part of tympanic membrane superiorly
pars flaccida
162
most inwardly depressed part of tympanic membrane
umbo
163
thick part of tympanic membrane posteroinferiorly
pars tensa
164
first bones to ossify during development that are fully developed at birth
auditory ossicles
165
functions of auditory ossicles
convey vibrations of tympanic membrane caused by soundwaves and conduct them to apparatus of inner ear
166
lateral auditory ossicle
malleus (hammer)
167
middle auditory ossicle
incus (anvil)
168
medial auditory ossicle
stapes (stirrup)
169
what connects the auditory ossicles?
small synovial joints
170
what suspends auditory ossicles in the tympanic cavity?
mucosal folds and small ligaments
171
muscle of tympanic cavity that inserts onto malleus
tensor tympani
172
nerve supply of tensor tympani
CNV3 (mandibular)
173
muscle of tympanic cavity that inserts onto stapes
stapedius
174
nerve supply of stapedius
CNVII (facial)
175
part of tympanic cavity posterior to tympanic membrane
tympanic cavity proper
176
part of tympanic cavity superior to tympanic membrane
epitympanic recess
177
nerve that carries sensory information from mucosa lining middle ear
CNIX (glossopharyngeal)
178
opening in epitympanic recess
mastoid aditus
179
where does the mastoid aditus lead?
air cells of mastoid process
180
roof of tympanic canal
tegmen tympani
181
function of tegmen tympani
separates tympanic canal from middle cranial fossa
182
floor of tympanic cavity closely related to...
internal jugular vein
183
feature on medial wall that receives footplate of stapes
oval window
184
feature on medial wall that dissipates forces from cochlear
round window
185
feature on medial wall that is formed by the first turn of cochlea
promontory
186
feature on medial wall that contains facial nerve (CNVII)
facial canal
187
nerve that passes between incus and malleus towards infratemporal fossa
chorda tympani
188
what forms the posterior third of Eustachian tube?
bone
189
what forms the anterior two thirds of Eustachian tube?
cartilage
190
function of Eustachian tube?
equalise air pressure between middle ear and nasopharynx
191
what is the normal state of the Eustachian tube?
collapsed
192
when does the Eustachian tube become patent?
during muscular contraction
193
what does the glossopharyngeal nerve provide sensory innervation to?
mucosa of middle ear cavity, Eustachian tube, nasopharynx, oropharynx and palatine tonsils
194
function of inner ear
reception of sound and maintenance of balance
195
series of bony cavities within temporal bone
bony labyrinth
196
group of ducts and chambers filled with endolymphatic fluid located within bony labyrinth
membranous labyrinth
197
rigid, bony outer wall of inner ear in temporal bone
otic capsule
198
part of inner ear that aids hearing
cochlear
199
parts of inner ear that aid balance
semicircular canals, utricle, saccule
200
bony core of cochlear
modiolus
201
shell-shaped spiral encircling modiolus
cochlear
202
oval-shaped chamber containing utricle and saccule
vestibule
203
what window does the cochlear feature?
round window
204
what window does the vestibule feature?
oval window
205
semicircular canals
posterior, lateral, anterior, situated at right angles to each other
206
vestibular organs
utricle and saccule
207
detects motion in the horizontal plane
utricle
208
detects motion in the vertical/sagittal plane
saccule
209
where does the endolymphatic fluid come from?
endolymphatic sac and duct, and cochlear duct
210
dilation on each semicircular duct
ampulla
211
which two semicircular ducts have a common stalk?
anterior and posterior
212
where is inner ear located?
petrous portion of temporal bone
213
specialised mechanoreceptors that convert mechanical stimuli to neural stimuli
hair cells
214
two labyrinths of sensory areas of inner ear
cochlear labyrinth and vestibular labyrinth
215
where are hair cells located?
maculae of utricle and saccule, ampullae of semicircular ducts, and organ of corti
216
which nerve carries neural stimuli from hair cells to CNS?
vestibular nerve (division of vestibulocochlear nerve (CNVIII))
217
where are the cell bodies from vestibular nerve located?
vestibular ganglion
218
3 fluid-filled channels of cochlear
scala vestibuli, scala tympani, scala media (cochlear duct)
219
site at cochlear where scala vestibuli and scala media are continuous
helicotrema
220
organ of inner ear that converts fluid vibrations into neural action potentials
organ of corti
221
medical term for hearing
audition
222
nerve that carries neural stimuli from organ of corti
cochlear nerve (division of vestibulocochlear nerve (CNVIII))
223
where are the cell bodies from cochlear nerve contained?
spiral ganglion
224
where is the organ of corti located?
cochlear duct
225
modalities of the facial nerve
somatic sensation, special sensation (taste), somatic motor and visceral motor
226
modalities of greater petrosal nerve
presynaptic parasympathetic secretomotor fibres
227
modalities of chorda tympani
taste, parasympathetic secretomotor fibres
228
modality of nerve to stapedius
somatic motor
229
specialised structure within utricle containing hair cells
utricular macula
230
specialised structure within saccule containing hair cells
saccular macula
231
nerve that travels through pterygoid canal
vidian nerve
232
where is the pterygopalatine ganglion located
pterygopalatine fossa
233
interconnection between CNV1 and CNV2
zygomatic nerve
234
do sympathetic fibres synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion?
no
235
do parasympathetic fibres synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion?
yes
236
what does the vidian nerve run through?
pterygoid canal
237
symptoms of disruption of vidian nerve
dry eye on ipsilateral side, dry mucosa
238
symptoms of disruption of facial nerve in internal acoustic meatus
dry eyes, dry mucosa, lack of taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue, dry mouth
239
what direction does the tympanic membrane push if atmospheric air pressure is greater than tympanic cavity air pressure?
in
240
what direction does the tympanic membrane push if tympanic cavity air pressure is greater than atmospheric air pressure?
out
241
what is the bony labyrinth filled with?
perilymph
242
what is the membranous labyrinth filled with?
endolymph
243
what detects angular movement?
semicircular ducts
244
what plane does the anterior semicircular canal detect movement in?
sagittal
245
what plane does the posterior semicircular canal detect movement in?
coronal
246
what plane does the lateral semicircular canal detect movement in?
axial
247
damage to cochlear nerve will lead to...
loss of hearing
248
damage to vestibular nerve will lead to...
loss of balance
249
damage to greater petrosal nerve will lead to...
dry eyes and mucosa
250
damage to chorda tympani nerve will lead to
dry mouth and loss of taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue
251
portion of facial nerve that leaves brainstem at pontomedullary junction and enters internal acoustic meatus
cranial portion
252
portion of facial nerve that travels through temporal bone in close relationship to the middle ear and leaves temporal bone through stylomastoid foramen
temporal portion
253
portion of facial nerve that courses towards and through the parotid gland
extratemporal portion
254
which papillae have taste buds?
foliate, fungiform and vallate
255
which papillae detect pain, touch, temperature?
filiform
256
what is the vertical part of the tongue?
posterior 1/3
257
what is the horizontal part of the tongue?
anterior 2/3
258
what nerve supplies the posterior 1/3 of tongue?
CNIX
259
what nerve supplies the anterior 2/3 of tongue?
CNVII and CNV3
260
medical term for swallowing
deglutition
261
this structure is lost in illness, giving a 'sunken cheek' appearance
buccal fat pad
262
outline of the lips
vermilion border
263
this muscle opens the jaw
lateral pterygoid
264
these 3 muscles close the jaw
medial pterygoid, masseter, temporalis
265
this muscle acts as a sphincter around the mouth
orbicularis oris
266
this muscle assists in aligning a food bolus between dentition
buccinator
267
part of the mandible that articulates with the temporal bone
mandibular condyle
268
part of the temporal bone that sits in front of the mandibular condyle
articular tubercle
269
action of extrinsic tongue muscles
control movement of tongue around oral cavity
270
action of intrinsic tongue muscles
change shape of tongue
271
extrinsic tongue muscles
palatoglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, genioglossus
272
innervation of styloglossus, styloglossus and hyoglossus
CNXII
273
innervation of palatoglossus
CNX
274
intrinsic tongue muscles
superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, horizontal, vertical
275
muscles of the soft palate
palatoglossus, musculus uvulae, palatopharyngeus, tensor vali palatini, levator vali palatini, superior pharyngeal constrictor
276
innervation of tensor vali palatini
CNV3
277
innervation of palatoglossus, musculus uvulae, palatopharyngeus, levator vali palatini, superior pharyngeal constrictor
CNX
278
aponeurosis between tensor vali palatini muscles
palatine aponeurosis
279
hook-shaped bony process on medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone
pterygoid hamulus
280
action of palatoglossus
depresses soft palate towards tongue
281
action of musculus uvulae
shortens uvula
282
action of palatopharyngeus
elevates pharynx and depresses soft palate
283
action of tensor vali palatini
tenses palatine aponeurosis
284
action of levator vali palatini
lift palatine aponeurosis
285
Waldeyer's tonsillar ring, from superior to inferior
pharyngeal tonsil, tubal tonsil, palatine tonsil, lingual tonsil
286
salivary glands
parotid gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland
287
sensory component of gag reflex
posterior 1/3 of tongue, palatine tonsils or wall of oropharynx, CNIX
288
motor component of gag reflex
constrictors of pharynx and soft palate (CNX), longitudinal muscles of pharynx (CNIX-X), and tongue (CNXII)
289
space in the side of the neck, from hyoid bone to base of skull
parapharyngeal space
290
inner longitudinal layer of pharyngeal muscles
stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus
291
outer circular layer of pharyngeal muscles
superior pharyngeal constrictor, middle pharyngeal constrictor, inferior pharyngeal constrictor
292
insertion of longitudinal muscles
posterior border of thyroid cartilage
293
insertion of circular muscles
midline raphe
294
innervation of stylopharyngeus
CNIX
295
innervation of circular muscles, salpingopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus
CNX
296
innervation of muscles of voice
CNX
297
action of cricothyroid muscle
tenses vocal ligament
298
origin of cricothyroid muscle
anterolateral cricoid cartilage
299
joint that cricothyroid muscle acts on
cricothyroid joint
300
insertion of cricothyroid muscle
inferior horn of thyroid cartilage
301
action of thyroarytenoid muscle
relaxes vocal ligament
302
joint that thyroarytenoid muscle acts on
cricoarytenoid joint
303
origin of thyroarytenoid muscle
posterior thyroid
304
insertion of thyroarytenoid muscle
anterior arytenoid cartilage
305
action of lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
adducts vocal ligaments
306
joint that lateral cricoarytenoid muscle acts on
cricoarytenoid joint
307
origin of lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
muscular process of arytenoid
308
insertion of lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
anterior cricoid cartilage
309
3 bands of arytenoid muscle
oblique (x2) and transverse
310
action of arytenoid muscle
adducts vocal ligaments
311
joint that arytenoid muscle acts on
cricoarytenoid joint
312
origin of arytenoid muscle
ipsilateral arytenoid cartilage
313
insertion of arytenoid muscle
contralateral cricoid cartilage
314
action of posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
abducts vocal cords
315
joint that posterior cricoarytenoid muscle acts on
cricoarytenoid joint
316
origin of posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
posterior cricoid cartilage
317
insertion of posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
318
infrahyoid muscles
omohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid
319
suprahyoid muscles
digastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid, mylohyoid
320
5 modalities of CNX
somatic sensation, somatic motor, special sensation (taste), visceral sensation, visceral motor (latter 2 thorax/abdomen only)
321
where does CNX leave CNS?
medulla oblongata
322
what foramen does CNX pass through?
jugular foramen
323
3 branches of CNX
superior laryngeal, recurrent laryngeal, pharyngeal
324
where does CNX become vagal trunks?
posterior to root of lung hilum around oesophagus
325
oral sounds
soft palate tenses (CNV3) and elevates (CNX) to close off nasopharynx
326
nasal sounds
soft palate tenses (CNV3) and depresses (CNX) to close off oropharynx
