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ENT > Clinical > Flashcards

Clinical Flashcards

1
Q

mild hearing loss audiogram score

A

20-40

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2
Q

moderate hearing loss audiogram score

A

40-60

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3
Q

severe hearing loss audiogram score

A

60-90

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4
Q

profound hearing loss audiogram score

A

> 90

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5
Q

transduction

A

conversion of mechanical stimuli into neural stimuli by the middle ear

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6
Q

outer hair cells

A

receive sound

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7
Q

inner hair cells

A

convert sound into mechanical energy

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8
Q

base of cochlea

A

high frequency sound

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9
Q

apex of cochlea

A

low frequency sound

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10
Q

primary auditory cortex of brain

A

superior temporal gyrus

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11
Q

OAE

A

otoacoustic emissions - produced by normal hair cells and absent in deafness

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12
Q

ABR

A

auditory brainstem response

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13
Q

superior vestibular nerve supplies

A

lateral semicircular canal, anterior semicircular canal and utricle

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14
Q

inferior vestibular nerve supplies

A

posterior semicircular canal and saccule

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15
Q

vestibulo-occular reflex

A

eyes stay fixed on a certain point when the head moves

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16
Q

motor output to the head, neck and back for posture

A

vestibulospinal tract

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17
Q

motor output to eyes for gaze stabilisation

A

medial longitudinal fascicles and ocular muscles

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18
Q

output to cerebrum for awareness

A

medial lemniscus and thalamus

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19
Q

components of taste buds

A

sensory cells and support cells (arranged like orange slices)

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20
Q

lifespan of taste receptor cells

A

10 days

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21
Q

taste receptor cells replaced from

A

basal cells within taste bud

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22
Q

where are taste buds found?

A

tongue, epiglottis, pharynx, palate

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23
Q

afferent taste fibres on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue reach the brainstem via…

A

CN VII

24
Q

afferent taste fibres on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue reach the brainstem via…

A

CN IX

25
Q

afferent taste fibres on areas other than the tongue reach the brainstem via…

A

CN X

26
Q

bitter stimulants

A

diverse group of tastants e.g. alkaloids, poisonous substances, toxic plant derivatives

27
Q

salty stimulants

A

Cl-

28
Q

sweet stimulants

A

configuration of glucose

29
Q

umami stimulants

A

amino acids (especially glutamate)

30
Q

sour stimulants

A

H+

31
Q

two main neural nasal systems

A

olfactory system (CNI) - mediates common odours
trigeminal somatosensory system (CNV) - mediates chemical and non-chemical stimuli e.g. irritation, burning, and can also play a role in coughing, spluttering and sneezing

32
Q

what cells secrete mucous in the olfactory epithelium?

A

duct cells of bowman’s glands

33
Q

lifespan of olfactory receptors

A

2 months

34
Q

bacteria associated with acute otitis media

A

strep pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moxarella catarrhalis

35
Q

bacteria associated with chronic otitis media

A

staph aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, fungal

36
Q

4 cranial nerves associated with oral phase of swallowing

A

CNV3, CNVII, CNX, CNXII

37
Q

palatal rugae cells…

A

keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

38
Q

two nerves that supply the hard palate

A

incisive branch of nasopalatine nerve, greater palatine nerve

39
Q

nerve that supplies the soft palate

A

lesser palatine nerve

40
Q

duration of pharyngeal phase of normal swallowing

A

<1 second

41
Q

hyoid bone is dragged anterosuperiorly

A

hyolaryngeal elevation

42
Q

muscles associated with hyolaryngeal elevation

A

suprahyoid, longitudinal pharyngeal muscles

43
Q

upper oesophageal sphincter

A

cricopharyngeus

44
Q

duration of oesophageal phase of normal swallowing

A

8-20 seconds

45
Q

where does the retropharyngeal space connect with?

A

mediastinum

46
Q

which two cranial nerves form the pharyngeal plexus?

A

CNIX and CNX

47
Q

when does pharyngeal arch 1 develop?

A

day 22

48
Q

when do pharyngeal arches 2 and 3 develop?

A

day 24

49
Q

when do pharyngeal arches 4 and 6 develop?

A

day 29

50
Q

component of pharyngeal apparatus made from mesenchymal tissue

A

core pharyngeal arch

51
Q

component of pharyngeal apparatus made from ectoderm

A

external pharyngeal cleft

52
Q
A
53
Q

component of pharyngeal apparatus made from endoderm

A

internal pharyngeal pouch

54
Q

cells that make up the tonsils…

A

specialised squamous epithelium

55
Q

cells that make up the adenoids…

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

ENT (3 decks)

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