ENT Flashcards
Otitis media with effusion and acute otitis media
Inflammation of the middle ear resulting in the collection of serous, mucoid, or purulent fluid when the membrane is intact.
Patho: the Eustachian tube may be dysfunctional or obstructed by enlarged lymphoid tissue in the nasopharyngeal; the middle ear absorbs the air and creates a vacuum; the middle at mucosa then secretes an exudate. Acute otitis media occurs when the effusion in the middle ear becomes infected with bacterial organisms.
Media with effusion has cracking sound with yawning , fullnes, no d/c. Middle ear fills with fluid. Tympanic membrane retracted or bulging, impaired mobility.
Acute media has rapid onset, deep pain, foul smelling, middle ear fills with puss, tympanic membrane immobile and bulging. Air fluid levels with bubbles.
Obj:
Otitis externa
And inflammation of the auditory canal and external surface of the tympanic membrane.
Patho: water retained in the ear canal causes tissue maceration, desquamation, and microfissures that favor bacterial or fungal growth.
Subj: itching ear canal, typically occurs after swimming. Intense pain with movement or chewing. Watery then purulent and thick discharge, foul smelling. Conductive hearing loss caused by swelling of the ear canal.
Obj: Canal is red, a dentist, Tympanic membrane obscured
Cholesteatoma
Trapped epithelial tissue behind the Tim panic membrane that is often the result of untreated or chronic recurrent otitis media
Patho: as the epithelial tissue and larges, it can perforated that and panic membrane, erode the ossicles and temporal bone, and invade the inner ear structures.
Subj: history of acute a tightest media, unilateral hearing loss, boldness in the ear, tinnitus mild vertigo, discharge.
Obj: spiracle white cyst behind intact Tim panic membrane, Tim panic membrane impulse, spell smelling discharge if it’s in panic membrane is perforated, conductive hearing loss
Conductive hearing loss
Reduce the transmission of sound to the middle ear
Patho: causes include cerumen impaction, otitis media with an effusion, infection, foreign body.
Subj: turn the sound controls louder on TV, here’s better in noisy environment, has to have information repeated, speaks softly
Obj: bone conduction heard longer than air conduction with Renee test. Lateralization to affected ear with weber test. Loss of low – frequency sounds.
Sensorineural hearing loss
Reduced transmission of sound in the inner ear
Patho: I disorder of the inner ear, damage to cranial nerve VI I I
Subj: complains of people mumble, has difficulty understanding speech, speaks more loudly, unable to hear any crowded room.
Obj: Air conduction is heard longer than bone conduction with Renee test. Lateralization to unaffected ear. Loss of high-frequency sounds.
Minier disease
I disorder of progressive hearing loss that in some cases is hereditary.
Patho: maybe caused by an adequate absorption of a fluid
Subj: sudden onset of severe vertigo lasting minutes to several hours, hearing loss, whistling or roaring sound in affected ear, sensitivity to sound
Obj: hearing loss to low tones initially with fluctuating progression to profound sensorineural hearing loss, imbalance, nystagmus
Vertigo- acute vestibular neuritis
Patho: Inflammation of the vista Bueller nerve following an acute viral upper respiratory infection
Subj: spontaneous episodes of vertigo that is severe initially and lessens over a few days, difficulty walking, nausea and vomiting
Obj: spontaneous horizontal nice stag mess with or without rotary nystagmus, staggering gait
Vertigo, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Patho: fragments gravitate into the semi circular canal and a nerve center is in the canal cause vertigo with head movements
Subj: episode of vertigo with head or body movements, less less than a minute
Obj: they have no physical findings, rotary nystagmus
Sinusitis
A bacterial infection of one or more of the paranasal sinuses
Patho: information, allergies, or structural defect of the nose my block the sinus meatus and prevent the sinus cavity from draining, creating an environment for infection. Overproduction of mucus may result from inflammation and increase except ability to infection.
Subj: upper respiratory infection that worsens or persists after 7 to 10 days, frontal headache, facial pain, pain and\or two, nasal congestion or drainage, persistent cough, worse at night.
Obj: we have no physical findings, nasal drainage, tenderness over sinuses, swelling over orbital or involves sinus, sinus does not transilluminate,
Acute pharyngitis
Infection of tonsils or posterior pharynx by micro organisms
Patho: Micro organisms causing infection often include streptococci
Subj: sore throat maybe referred to pain in ears, dysphasia, fever and malaise, fetid breath, abdominal pain and headache.
Obj: Red and swollen tonsils,. Exit day, and large cervical lymph nodes, palatal petechia
Peritonsillar abscess
A deep infection in the space between the soft palate in tonsil
Patho: when weber glands become inflamed, the doctors obstructed, Linda cellulitis of the soft palate.
Subj: dysphagia and a drooling, severe throat radiating to the ear, malaise and fever.
Obj: unilateral red and swollen tonsil and adjacent soft palate, tonsil might be pushed forward or backward may displays the uvula, trismus, muffled voice, fetid breath, cervical lymphadenopathy he.
Retropharyngeal abscess
A life-threatening infection in the lateral pharyngeal space that has the potential to include the airway. Most commonly occurs in children.
Patho: May result from trauma to the posterior pharyngeal wall, dental infection or other pharyngeal infection.
Subj: recent URI, acute illness, drooling, anorexia, irritable, pain in the neck and jaw, will not move neck.
Obj: fever, lateral neck movement increases pain, torticollis, restlessness, lateral pharyngeal wall is distorted, trismus, respiratory distress, muffled voice.
Oral cancer
Patho: most often squamous cell carcinoma that originates in the basal cell layer of the oral Macosa
Subj: uses of tobacco products, alcohol abuse, painless sore in mouth that does not heal.
Obj: i’ll sort of lesion appearing as piled up edges around the corner on the lateral border of the mouth, a red or white patch on the guns, tongue, tonsil, hard or soft palate, or bugle you Xhosa. Firm, non-mobile mass.
Periodontal disease
Chronic infection of the gums, bones and other tissues that surrounded support the teeth
Patho: often results from poor dental hygiene
Subj: red. And a swollen gums that bleed easily without brushing.
Obj: plaque and tartar buildup on teeth, teeth appear long, deep pockets between teeth and it gingiva
