Cardiac Flashcards
Angena
Pain caused by myocardial ischemia
Patho: myocardial oxygen demand exceeds supply.
Subj: substantial pain or intense pressure radiating to the neck, jars, and arms. Often accompanied by shortness of breath, fatigue, diaphoresis, faintness and syncope.
Obj: no definitive examination findings. Tachycardia, tachypnea, hypertension, diaphoresis. Ischemia may lead to presence of crackles. Other comorbidities.
Bacterial endocarditis
Bacterial infection of the end of Philly a layer of the heart and valves
Patho: congenital or acquired valve defects and those with history of previous endocarditis or who use intravenous drugs.
Subj: fever, fatigue, sudden onset of congestive heart failure
Obj: murmur, signs of neurologic dysfunction, Janeway lesion (small erythematous or hemorrhagic macules appearing on the palms and soles), Osler nodes (appear on the tips of fingers or toes and are caused by septic emboli)
Congestive heart failure, left-sided
Heart feels to propel blood forward with its usual force, resulting in congestion in the pulmonary circulation.
Patho: many causes: left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, valves, toxins, viruses.
Subj: fatigue, breathing difficulty, orthopnea, exercise intolerance.
Obj: JVD, sudden but the cute pulmonary Adema, crackles, systolic CHF has narrow pulse pressure, diastolic CHF as wide pulse pressure.
Congestive heart failure, right-sided
Heart feels to propel blood forward with his usual for us, resulting in congestion in the systemic circulation
Patho: decreased cardiac output causes decreased blood flow to the tissues
Subj: peripheral Adema, particularly at the end of the day or after prolonged sitting, waking
Obj: pitting Adema and lower extremities, JVD.
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium
Patho: often the result of a viral infection such as Coxsackie virus.
Subj: Sharp and stabbing pain caused by heart rubbing against the pericardium, pain worse with coughing, swallowing, deep breathing or lying flat, or movement. Pain relieved by sitting up in leaning forward.
Obj: scratchy, grading friction rub on auscultation, comprises ventricular systole, Elle diastolic ventricular filling, and late diastolic atrial systole.
Cardiac Tamponade
Excessive accumulation of a fuse fluid or blood between the pericardium in the heart:
Patho: seriously constrains cardiac relaxation, impairing blood return to the right heart. Common causes our Perry carditis, malignancy, trommel.
Subj: anxiety, restlessness, chest pain, difficulty breathing, Pallor, syncope, palpitations, swelling of the abdomen her arms and neck beans.
Obj: Beck triad (JVD, hypotension, and muffled heart sounds)
Cor pulmonale
Enlargement of the right ventricle secondary to chronic lung disease
Patho: usually chronic, in acute phase, the right side of the heart is dilated and fails, such as in PE and ARDS.
Subj: fatigue, tachypnea, exertional dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis lightheadedness, syncope
Obj: evidence of pulmonary disease, evidence of right heart failure, cyanosis, left parasternal systolic
Myocardial infarction
Ischemic myocardial necrosis caused by abrupt decrease in coronary bloodflow to my segment of the myocardium
Patho: most commonly affects left ventricle, results from atherosclerosis
Subj: deep substernal pain with radiation to jog, neck, and left arm. Discomfort maybe mild in diabetes. Nausea, fatigue, shortness of
Obj: dysrhythmias, S4 presence, distant heart sounds, soft blowing apical murmur, thready pulse
Myocarditis
Focal or diffuse inflammation of the myocardium
Patho: inflammation can occur from direct cytotoxic effect of secondary immune response. Causes are viral, bacterial, fungal, systemic inflammatory disease.
Subj: initial symptoms are vague, fatigue, dyspnea, fever, palpitations, History of recent flu like symptoms are my fevers, arthralgias, and malaise or pharyngitis, tonsillitis, or upper respiratory tract infection
Obj: cardiac enlargement, murmurs, Gallup, tachycardia, dysrhythmias, pulses alternans (alternation of strong and weak arterial pulse do to ultimate strong and weak ventricular contraction’s)
Conduction disorders
either proximal to the bundle of His or diffusely throughout the conduction system
Patho: May result from a variety of causes, antidepressant medications, digitalis, quinidine.
Subj: transient weakness, syncope, stroke like episodes, Gray – out instead of a black – out palpitations.
Obj: rapid or irregular heart rate, rhythm disturbances
Sick sinus
Arrhythmias caused by malfunction of the sinus node
Patho: occurs secondary to hypertension, arteriosclerotic heart disease, or rheumatic heart
Subj: fainting, transient dizzy spells, lightheadedness, seizures, palpitations, angina
Obj: dysrhythmias, signs of congestive heart
Atherosclerotic heart disease – coronary heart disease
Narrowing of the small blood vessel that supply blood and oxygen to the heart
Patho: pause by deposition of cholesterol, other lipids, by complex inflammatory process. It leads to vascular wall thickening in the airing of the lumen.
Subj: May be asymptomatic. Angina pectoris, shortness of breath, palpitations. Family history a close relatives with early death.
Obj: Dyslipidemia, dysrhythmias and signs of congestive heart
Mitral insufficiency, regurgitation
Abnormal licking of blood through the mitral valve, from left ventricle into left atrium
Patho: most common causes our rheumatic heart disease, infective endocarditis, cardiomyopathy, mitral valve prolapse’s, ischemic heart
Subj: acute mitral regurgitation has symptoms of decompensated congestive heart failure or, shortness of breath, pulmonary Edema, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Obj: high-pitched pansystolic murmur radiating to axilla, may I also have third heart sound.
Senile cardiac Amyloidosis
Patho: Heart contractility may be reduced, causes heart failure
Subj: palpitations, Lord show me a Dema, fatigue, reduced activity
Obj: pleural effusion, arrhythmia, Lord show me the Adema, dilated neck
