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Eye basics > ENT > Flashcards

ENT Flashcards

1
Q

Common site of epistaxis?

A

Anterior part of medial wall

Most internal and external carotidal branches anastomose here

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2
Q

What artery supplies most of nasal cavitY?

A

Sphenopalantine artery

From External Carotid artery

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3
Q

Systemic causes of epistaxis?

A

Coagulopathies e.g. haemophilia, vWD, overwarfarinization

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4
Q

Local causes of 코피?

A

Life threatening = carotid blowout.
Trauma to nose.

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5
Q

Complication from use of nasal packing? Give what

A

Toxic Shock Syndrome.
Give prophylactic clindamycin or penicillin.

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6
Q

Complication and conditions a/w JNA?

A

Complication = OM with effusion
Conditions = Sinusitis, OSA

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7
Q

Epidemiology of JNA?

A

Adolescent male

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8
Q

Complication of septal hematoma?

A

Due to rupture of vessels in nasal septum causing separation of perichondrium from cartilaginous portion.
Can cause septal abscess -> septal perforation -> saddle nose deformity

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9
Q

Mx of septal hematoma?

A

urgent refer to ENT for I&D to prevent hematoma from becoming abscess

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10
Q

Immediate mx of epistaxis?

A

Epistaxis first aid
Topic decongestants
AgNO3 cautery

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11
Q

2nd line mx of epistaxis?

A

Through endoscope.
Packing or electrocautery

Merocel mainly used over balloon

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12
Q

Red flags of epistaxis?

A

Unilateral
Blood stained secretions
Large volume
Short hx
Eye involvement

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13
Q

Worrying causes of epistaxis?

A

Unilateral OME
Unilateral polyp (NPC)
Cervical lymphadenopathy
CN palsies

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14
Q

Mx of nasal frac?

A

Reassess pt in 3-5 days after edema subsides
Rx Nasal frac for cosmesis and NO
M&R within 2 weeks

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15
Q

Can vestibular neuritis have BPPV symptoms?

A

Can have a bit lol

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16
Q

Causes of nasal obstruction?

A

Anatomy - deviated septum, inf turb hypertrophy
Rhinitis
Rhinosinusitis

+ polyps / foreign body

17
Q

Mx of NPC?

A

Stage 1 = IMRT
Stage 2 = IMRT / chemo-IMRT
Stage 3 = Chemo-IMRT
Stage 4 = Neoadjuvant chemo f/u chemo-IMRT

18
Q

Clinical presentation of NPC?

A

CN palsy
Tinnitus
Nasal obstruction
Epistaxis
Deafness
Blood in saliva
Neck lump

ascending order of prevalence

19
Q

What is leukoplakia

A

White patch in oral cavity that cannot be scraped off.
6% risk of malignancy

20
Q

Causes of inflammatory cervical LNs

A

SLE
Kikuchi’s disease
Kimura disease

21
Q

Pattern of LN spread in H&N cancer?

A

Cancers of H&N spread to neck LNs in predicable pattern.
Skip mets is rare.
Cancers from diff locations spread to diff levels first

22
Q

What is quinsy?

A

Spread of infection into peritonsillar space

23
Q

Signs and symptoms of quinsy?

A

Fever
Sever unilat sore throat, drooling, halitosis
Trismus, hot-potato voice
Uvula deviation to contralat side
Fluctuant soft palate swelling

24
Q

Mx of quinsy?

A

I&D under LA
Abx
Elective tonsillectomy if repeated

25
Q

Cause of acute tonsilitis?

A

Often viral infection before bacterial superinfection
Commonly GAS (beta-hemolytic)

26
Q

Symptoms and signs of acute tonsilitis?

A

Fever, sore throat, halitosis, odynophagia
Tender cervical adenopathy, red and exudative tonsils

27
Q

Mx of acute tonsilitis?

A

Penicillin 10 days
Elective tonsillectomy for recurrent tonsilitis

28
Q

Pathogens for acute supraglottitis or epiglottitis?

A

H. Influenzae
Strep pneumo
Streps beta hemolytic
Staph aureus

29
Q

Symptoms and signs of acute supraglottitis or epiglottitis?

A

High fever
Muffled voice
Stridor
Dysphagia
Odynophagia
Drooling

Sudden onset, short course

30
Q

Mx of acute supraglottitis / epiglottitis?

A

Evaluate airway
Steroids to reduce airway edema
IV abx
Hydration + humidification

31
Q

Mx of oropharyngeal candidiasis?

A

Topical nystatin swish and swallow
PO fluconazole for severe infection

32
Q

Facts about retropharyngeal abscess?

A

Usu in kids <4yo
GAS, Staphs, respiratory anaerobes
A/w prior URTI with suppurative adenitis or retropharyngeal LN

33
Q

Symptoms of retropharyngeal abscess?

A

Fever
Dysphagia
Stiff neck!!!
Neck pain
Respi distress

34
Q

Imaging for retropharyngeal abscess?

A

Lateral neck XR = widened prevertebral soft tissue
CT neck

35
Q
A
36
Q

Which cervical LN level hit from which conditions?

A

Tongue SCC = 2
Oral cavity / oropharynx = 1
NPC = level 2, 5
Thyroid = Level 4

37
Q

Ocular manifestations of RA?

A

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Peripheral ulcerative keratitis
Contact lens cornea
Corneal melt
Episcleritis / scleritis

Sicca is commonest

38
Q
A

Eye basics (5 decks)

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