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ENT > ENT > Flashcards

ENT Flashcards

1
Q

What is relapsing polychondritis?

A

Condition which causes repeated episodes of cartilage inflammation, typically the ear cartilage and nose
Can lead to red, hot ears and deformed nose structure (saddle nose)

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2
Q

How does chondrodermatitis nodularis present?

A

Tender nodule forms usually on the helix of the ear
Associated with extremes of temperature, pressure and trauma from headphones

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3
Q

Symptoms of salivary gland stones?

A
  • Pain and swelling of affected glands
  • Usually triggered during eating and chewing, when salivary glands are more active
  • Symptoms often resolve slowly after mealtimes
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4
Q

Management of salivary gland stones…

A
  • Referral to ENT
  • Hydration and analgesia using NSAIDs
  • Antibiotics if secondary infection suspected
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5
Q

What are the common features of Meniere’s disease?

A
  • Vertigo
  • Sensorineural hearing loss
  • Tinnitus
    **Feeling of aural fullness
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6
Q

Management of Meniere’s disease…

A

**Referral to ENT required for diagnosis
Acute attack: Prochlorperazine
Prevention: Betahistine, vestibular rehab exercises

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7
Q

What Weber’s and Rinne’s test findings are expected in conductive hearing loss?

A

Weber’s = lateralises to affected ear
Rinne’s = Bone conduction> air conduction

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8
Q

What Weber’s and Rinne’s test findings are expected in sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Weber’s = lateralises to unaffected ear
Rinne’s = Air conduction > bone conduction

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9
Q

What are the features of otosclerosis?

A
  • Progressive conductive hearing loss
  • Tinnitus
  • Pink coloured tympanic membrane (Schwarz’s sign)
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10
Q

What are the main features of Horner’s syndrome?

A
  • Miosis
  • Ptosis
  • Enophthalmos (sunken eye)
  • Anhidrosis
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11
Q

What is Pancoast tumour and what can it present with?

A
  • Malignant tumour of the apex of the lung
  • Can compress cervical sympathetic plexus
  • Results in ipsilateral Horner syndrome
  • Can also impact recurrent laryngeal nerve leading to hoarseness of voice
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12
Q

What blood vessels are involved in anterior epistaxis?

A

Kiesselbach’s plexus - consisting of anterior and posterior ethmoid arteries

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13
Q

Medications that can cause tinnitus…

A
  • Quinines
  • NSAIDs
  • Aspirin
  • Aminoglyclosides e.g. gentamicin
  • Loop diuretics e.g. furosemide
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14
Q

How to differentiate between sebaceous cyst and lipoma?

A

Sebaceous cyst = small, smooth lump - tethered to the skin, can become infected
Lipoma = small lumps which lie deep to the skin - skin can move freely over them

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15
Q

What are nasal polyps associated with?

A
  • Asthma
  • Aspirin sensitivity
  • Allergic rhinitis
  • Sinusitis
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16
Q

What are common adverse effects of long-term nasal decongestants?

A
  • Rebound nasal congestion
  • Nasal burning
  • Nasal irritation
  • Nasal dryness
17
Q

What are the features of vestibular neuronitis?

A
  • Episodes of vertigo lasting hours to days
  • Horizontal nystagmus
  • Typically develops after viral illness
  • Associated nausea and vomiting
    *NO hearing loss or tinnitus
18
Q

What scale is used to diagnose OSA?

A

Epworth sleepiness scale –> determines extent and severity of symptoms

19
Q

What are key diagnostic features seen in acute bacterial sinusitis?

A
  • Purulent/ discoloured nasal discharge
  • Fever > 38C
  • Facial pain - usually unilateral
  • Raised ESR/ CRP
  • Double sickening –> significant deterioration in symptoms proceeds with milder symptoms
20
Q

What are some general features of acute sinusitis?

A
  • Nasal blockage
  • Nasal discharge
  • Cough
  • Tenderness in maxillofacial area
21
Q

What is the management of otitis externa?

A

1st line = topical antibiotics + steroid
Oral antibiotics used if infection is spreading

Admission for IV antibiotics required for malignant otitis externa

22
Q

What audiogram findings would be seen in presbyacusis?

A

Presbyacusis = age-related ear damage leading to sensorineural hearing loss
Audiogram shows reduced hearing at higher frequencies (higher dB at higher frequencies)

23
Q

What investigations should a patient with tinnitus undergo?

A

Full audiological assessment –> audiometry and otoacoustic emission testing if other indicative signs or symptoms present

24
Q

What is the most common form of thyroid cancer?

A

Papillary carcinoma - 75% of differentiated thyroid carcinomas

25
Q

What is usually seen in the audiogram for noise induced hearing loss?

A
  • Difficulty hearing at frequencies of 4000Hz , but hearing recovers at higher frequencies
  • This leads to a notch at 4000Hz

ENT (6 decks)

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