Enquiry 2 Why Do Some Tectonic Hazards Develop Into Disasters Flashcards
Disaster
When hazard affects human well-being
Dregs disaster model suggests a disaster only happens when a hazardous event meets a vulnerable population
Vulnerability
How susceptible a population is to damage caused by a hazard
Capacity to cope/ resilience is how well a population can recover from a disaster
Risk
Likelihood of humans being affected by a hazard
Risk= hazard x vulnerability/ capacity to cope
Qatar has lowest disaster risk 0.1%
Philippines has highest 27.5% out of 170 countries
Impacts of disaster
Vary according to level of development
Turkey and Kashmir has similar sized earthquakes 1999 and 2015
Kashmir 75000 deaths
Turkey 18000
Kashmir mountainous with poor access to service/infrastructure
Richer= high financial loss Poorer= severe shocks to community wellbeing & diseases
Relationship between risk/hazards/people
Unpredictability- timing/ magnitude caught out
Russian roulette response- acceptance (fatalistic)
CBA- benefits of hazard outweigh risks
Dynamic hazards- human influence can increase frequency/ magnitude
Lack of alternatives
Resilience
Degree to which community has necessary resources and is capable or organising itself prior to and during time of event
Pressure and release model
Proposed what should be tackled if the risk of a disaster is to be reduced
ROOT CAUSES ideologies and political systems
DYNAMIC PRESSURES macro-forces (deforestation/ rapid urbanisation)
UNSAFE CONDITIONS vulnerable society
NATURAL HAZARD volcano erupt
Vulnerability can be physical/economic/social
Haiti (VULNERABILITY)
12th jan 2010
Richter 7
Killed 200,000
70% live less than $2 day
86% in Port au Prince love steep slope slums
Unstable gov
1.5m homeless
Cholera epidemic 6900 deaths
2015 still recovering
Lack of coordination meant aid ships were turned away
Gov strengthen for 2013 hurricane
Hazard events in developing and developed
DEVELOPED (infrequent disasters/ low vulnerability)
Low birth rate
Large cities
Independence
DEGRADING ENVIRO
DEVELOPING (frequent disasters/ high vulnerability)
High birth rate
Dependence
Megacities
Earthquakes and tsunamis in contrasting locations 2004-2013
Very high human development
Affected 4,010,000
Killed 21,036
Low human development
Affected 9,495,000
Killed 29,7328
Hazard profiles
Magnitude
Speed of onset
Duration
Frequency
Spatial probability
Hazard profile challenges
difficult to compare across hazards
Each treated as unique and own mitigation technique
Hazard planning strategy- cost conflicts/ gov unwilling to pay
Highest risk
High mag and low frequency
Least expected
Rapid onset and low spatial prob without warning
VEI
volcanic explosivity
Calculated from:
Height of eruption cloud
Ejecta of eruption (volume of products)
logarithmic
Richter scale
Measure amplitude of waves produced by earthquake
0-9
Absolute scale
Mercalli scale
Measures experienced impacts of earthquake
Relative scale (different amount of shaking)
I-xii
MMS
Moment magnitude scale
Based on seismic moment
0-9
Used by seismologists in terms of energy released
USGs used to measure magnitude of large earthquakes
Development
Inequalities in access to:
Health/ unemployment/ services
squatter settlements (unsafe conditions)
No secure tenure affects ability to rebuild
Damage- set back development (destroy Haiti factory- 50% of exports)
Governance
How well coordinate:
NGOs Administer/enforce standards Services Transport Key emergency agencies (energy/water)
Weak/corrupt
Political organisations
ECONOMIC relationship with other economies
POLITICAL create policies (national disaster reduction)
ADMINISTRATIVE policy implementation (building codes)
JAPAN (developed)
ROOT CAUSES ageing pop and nuclear power
DYNAMIC PRESSURE elderly less mobile and lack safety procedures in power plant
UNSAFE CONDITIONS tsunami wall not high enough and power plant cooling fault
HAZARD 10m tsunami and radiation and magnitude 9 earthquake
CHINA (emerging)
ROOT CAUSES corrupt gov officials (especially local/rural)
DYNAMIC PRESSURE often ignored building codes
UNSAFE CONDITIONS buildings
HAZARD landslides and magnitude 7.9 earthquake
5335 kids dead
45m affected
developed and why deaths are rare
Advanced/widespread insurance
Land use zoning
Sophisticated monitoring of volcanoes
Geographical factor affect vulnerability
Isolation/ accessibility- slow relief and rescue
Pop density- high so hard to evacuate (mt Vesuvius)
Degree of urbanisation- concentration of at risk people
Global assessment report on disaster risk reduction
Urban segregation
Low income households
Forced to occupy hazard exposed area
High environmental degradation
Low resilience (little ‘voice’ in politics)
Socially excluded
Development and cross cutting factors
Drought
Violence
Armed conflict
Make a hazard a disaster
Diseases (HIV)
