Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HIS 102 > Enlightenment > Flashcards

Enlightenment Flashcards

1
Q

Why was the Enlightenment an intellectual revolution?

A

It changed the way people viewed the world.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When did the Enlightenment start and when did it have its roots?

A

It began to form in the early 18th century but had its roots in the Renaissance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When was the Scientific Revolution?

A

1540-1690

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How did the Scientific Revolution change the way people approached problems?

A

Before, everything was based on religion. This was how people explained the world.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are three causes of the Scientific Revolution?

A
  1. New areas of study at universities 2. rediscovery of Greek and Roman scientists 3. Desire to explore the world.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How did studies at universities change?

A

Before, only areas to study were theology and law. During the Scientific Revolution universities became a safe place to discuss and develop new ideas not related to religion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How did thinkers gain more knowledge of mathematics?

A

They learned about it from contact with the Muslim empires.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How did the desire to explore the world lead to new knowledge?

A

Europeans had to learn to solve problems with navigation which led them to expand their knowledge. States supported voyages of exploration and provided funding to gain new knowledge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Who were three important scholars during the Scientific Revolution?

A
  1. Copernicus 2. Galileo 3. Sir Isaac Newton
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two types of reasoning that were used to form the scientific method?

A
  1. deductive reasoning 2. empirical research
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What were two results of the Scientific Revolution?

A
  1. development of the scientific method as a new way of gaining information about the world 2. development of an international scientific community that had the pursuit of knowledge as its main goal.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Did the Enlightenment affect the lower classes in society?

A

It mainly occurred in the middle and upper classes as the lower classes were more worried about daily living. The philosophers of the Enlightenment thought they were bringing “the light of knowledge” to the masses who they believed were superstitious, ignorant, backward.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How did the Scientific Revolution open the door for the Enlightenment?

A

It led people to question religion and the way things were setting the stage for the new ideas of the Enlightenment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In what country did the Enlightenment start?

A

France–under Louis XIV France had become the cultural center of Europe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How did ideas from France spread?

A
  1. Educated people spoke French, allowing ideas to spread. 2. Tutors taught the elites of Europe. 3. Salons–parties hosted by middle and upper class women where new ideas were discussed.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are three important concepts of the Enlightenment?

A
  1. Scientific method should be applied to gaining knowledge in all aspects of life: reason should be the most important force in society, nothing should be accepted on faith.
  2. Laws of human socieity can be determined through the application of the scientific method to society –learn the laws that govern society–change society by understanding and changing the rules
  3. Progress–humans can build a better society and improve themselves–don’t just hope for something better in the afterlife
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Who was Francois-Marie Arouet?

A

The French philosopher Voltaire. (1694-1778)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Voltaire’s most famous work? What was it about?

A

Candide–a novel using satire and humor to comment on war, religious persecution, and philosophical optimism. Voltaire said there are disasters and suffering but we should try to make the world better while we are here.

19
Q

What is Voltaire’s idea of Enlightened Despotism?

A

The best form of government is an absolute monarchy but the monarch must be enlightened. Then the ruler will rule with the best interests of the people in mind.

20
Q

Why was Voltaire against a constitutional government?

A

He believed the majority of people were not educated enough to make informed decisions about government affairs.

21
Q

Which philosopher believed government exists to protect the basic rights of people?

A

John Locke

22
Q

According to John Locke, what should happen if government fails to protect the rights of people?

A

The people should rebel against the government.

23
Q

What are two events inspired by Locke’s ideas?

A
  1. American Revolution 2. French Revolution
24
Q

What is one of John Locke’s most important works?

A

Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690

25
Q

According to Locke, what is the idea of tabula rasa?

A

Tabula rasa means blank slate. Humans are born as a blank slate and our experiences shape the people we become. Nurture is more important than nature.

26
Q

According to Locke, how do we make the world a better place?

A

Make sure people have positive experiences so they become positive people. People are essentially good and will live good lives if we give them the opportunity to do so.

27
Q

Which philosopher wrote about the “social contract”?

A

Jean Jacques Rousseau

28
Q

Describe Voltaire’s ideas about religion?

A

He was in favor of religious tolerance. He believed in Deism–that God is like a watchmaker who sets the world in motion but then stands back and lets things happen.

29
Q

Where was John Locke born?

A

England

30
Q

What type of government did John Locke support?

A

Representative government

31
Q

According to Locke what were some of the basic rights of people?

A
  1. life 2. liberty 3. property
32
Q

Explain Rousseau’s idea about the social contract.

A

Humans are basically good but are corrupted by the progress of civilization. Government should promote the general will–the common interest of the people. (This does not mean majority rule as some people may not be educated and know what’s best for them.)

33
Q

What did Rousseau believe about women?

A

Women and men should operate in separate spheres. The private sphere belongs to women while the public sphere is for men.
He valued what women did in the private sphere and believed they should be better educated.
But, women are weaker than men in most areas except for love and compassion.

34
Q

Who is an example of an “enlightened despot”?

A

Frederick II–Frederick the Great of Prussia.

35
Q

What did Frederick the Great mean when he said he was the 1st servant of the state?

A

He believed it was up to him to enlighten the people, to help them develop their manners and their morals, and to make them happy.

36
Q

Was Frederick the Great tolerant of other religions?

A

He welcomed Jews and Catholics but only Protestants could hold important government positions.

37
Q

What improvements did Frederick the Great make in Prussia?

A
  1. improved schools and encouraged education
  2. simplified the legal system and abolished torture
  3. promoted agriculture and industry to benefit the economic welfare of the people and the state (but he did not do anything to change the conditions of the serfs)
38
Q

What German princess married the heir to the Russian throne and then took over after he became tsar?

A

Catherine the Great

39
Q

What were the 3 goals of Catherine the Great?

A
  1. expand territory
  2. westernize the thinking of the Russian people
  3. improve domestic conditions
40
Q

How did Catherine expand her territory?

A

She tried to challenge the Ottoman Empire but dropped that at the suggestion of Frederick the Great of Prussia. Russia, Prussia, and Austria divided up Poland instead.

41
Q

How did Catherine try to westernize the Russian people?

A

She brought in Western experts in the arts and sciences to spread their ideas in Russia.
She had the Russian nobility obtain education in the West.

42
Q

What were some of Catherine’s domestic policies?

A
  1. expanded educational opportunities
  2. limited torture
  3. granted some religious toleration (but not to Jews)
    BUT, she put down a rebellion of peasants and gave more powers to the nobles.
43
Q

What were some of the policies of Joseph II of Austria?

A
  1. promoted education
  2. extended religious freedom–including to the Jews
  3. required German to be the language of the government (this did not please the Hungarians were were used to being treated special in exchange for their loyalty)
  4. first he limited the amount of labor a serf must give their noble person and then he abolished serfdom in 1781.
  5. Made debts payable in cash only–no more barter system. (This was hard on the peasants.)

HIS 102 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions