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World History II > Enlightenment > Flashcards

Enlightenment Flashcards

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0
Q

What did the enlightened “thinkers”encourage people to do?

A

1) Question Traditions and Customs
2) Reason-dispel ignorance and and use logic/evaluation
3) Push for Reform and Change

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1
Q

Enlightenment dates back to when? And when is it in full force?

A

It began as early as the late1600s and was in full force by the 1700s.

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2
Q

Were “thinkers” optimistic or pessimistic?

A

Optimistic

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3
Q

Deism

A

Belief that religious knowledge should not be a form of authority. God created world but does not interfere with human affairs. So pro God, and somewhat con for religion. Popular belief during Enlightenment.

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4
Q

What were major enlightenment “thinkers” referred to as?

A

Philosophers

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5
Q

Were Enlightenment Philosophers in favor of or against religion?

A

The were not against religion but the saw God as authority not religion. Most were practicing Christians.

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6
Q

How did people who believed in Deism see God’s role?

A

Clockmaker. Creates the clock and then leaves it alone. Created us and then leaves us alone.

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7
Q

What did people who believed in Deism feel about morals and religion?

A

They did not think they were linked.

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8
Q

What did people who believed in Deism feel about ultimate authority regarding spiritual philosophy?

A

They believed nothing could be known for sure.

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9
Q

What were the enlightened views on economics?

A

They attacked the old views of government controlled economics (merchantilism) and felt that Natural Laws should govern economic life.

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10
Q

Merchantilism

A

commercialism encouraged by the government

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11
Q

What type of new economic practices were Enlightened philosophers in favor of?

A

Free trade, no taxes, supply and demand, minimum government involvement

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12
Q

Laissez Faire

A

“Leave Alone”, don’t interfere and let nature take it’s course.

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13
Q

Who wrote the Economic set of books called the “Wealth of Nations”?

A

Adam Smith

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14
Q

What were the criticisms of Enlightenment Philosophers regarding Crime and Punishment and what did they think would make them better?

A

They criticized the strict laws and punishments and though instead laws should include reason and natural laws. Laws should deter crime. Punishment should include rehabilitation to make people better.

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15
Q

How did Enlightened philosophers view capital punishment and torture? Why?

A

They should not be done because they do not make sense.

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16
Q

What did Enlightened Philosophers think about Slavery?

A

It was irrational and inhumane.

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17
Q

Would natural rights encourage or discourage slavery?

A

Natural rights call for a slave rebellion to no longer take or accept slavery.

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18
Q

Natural Rights

A

Rights that don’t require a law. They are inalienable (i.e. cannot be sold, transferred or removed).

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19
Q

What types of areas /subjects did Philosophers write about to creat philosophies?

A

Reason, Skepticism, Toleration, Freedom, Equality, Education, Optimism

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20
Q

What 18th century (1700s) French philosopher cofounded the Encyclopedia?

A

Denis Diderot

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21
Q

What French Enlightenment Philosopher spoke out against the church and government as well as many other topics including feeling that all religions should be tolerated including Jewish? He also wrote “Candide””.

A

Voltaire

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22
Q

Denis Diderot

A

18th century (1700s) French philosopher cofounded the Encyclopedia. Wrote many articles that covered many topics. The Encyclopedia became a main reference book used.

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23
Q

How did the Encyclopedia change things?

A

It allowed a larger audience to be reached so thinking could be changed and ideas challenged on a larger scale than ever before.

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24
Q

Who INSPIRED the following quote by Evelyn Beatrice Hall and what freedom does it address?
“I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.:

A

Voltaire. Freedom of Speech (Thought)

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25
Q

Enlightenment

A

To learn new information and question the truth.

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26
Q

What person started “questioning the Catholic Church” and by doing so, inspired others to question many known “truths” in many areas.

A

Martin Luther

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27
Q

Did Martin Luther want to destroy the Catholic Church?

A

No he wanted to “fix” it.

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28
Q

What were rulers, leaders and people of higher authority afraid of when people started questioning previously known truths?

A

The were upset and wanted to stop it because they were afraid of being overthrown.

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29
Q

The Age of Enlightenment occurred mostly during which decade and century?

A

18th Century, the decade of the 1700s

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30
Q

What is the Age of Enlightenment also called?

A

The Age of Reason

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31
Q

What positive things came from Enlightenment?

A

Increased exploration, new rights, new forms of government, and much more

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32
Q

Who were the “thinkers” of the Age of Enlightenment?

A

They were people that adopted enlightened philosophies and took part in the movement.

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33
Q

What did the “thinkers” do to try to create a better world.

A

They wanted to create a better world by evaluating and questioning human behavior, society, government and social classes. They then suggested ways of modifying them.

34
Q

How did religious leaders and clergy feel about Enlightenment?

A

They rejected and fought against it and its ideas.

35
Q

Who grew up in the late 1500s and early 1600s in England and observed human behavior and writing Leviathan?

A

Thomas Hobbs

36
Q

What was called a Leviathan and how was it connected in 1651 to government?

A

Thomas Hobbs wrote a political philosophy in 1651 called Leviathan which is an all powerful sea monster just as government was all powerful at the time.

37
Q

What was the views of most leaders regarding citizens before Enlightenment?

A

People were naturally savage,brutal, cruel, greedy, and wicked. Without government they would attack each other.

38
Q

What large event was going on when the Leviathan was written?

A

English Civil War

39
Q

Hobbs theorized that human nature was what?

A

Human Nature was primal and instinctual and people were naturally savage, brutal, cruel, greedy, selfish, wicked and if not controlled they would steal, rob, attack and cheat each other.

40
Q

What did Hobbs say about people and power?

A

Humans had a perpetual drive for power

41
Q

What did Hobbs think that the role of government should be and why?

A

Government should be all powerful because people could not be trusted to make decisions because they will always put their own interests first. He felt this protected people from their own selfishness and evil.

42
Q

What did Hobbs feel about Democracy? What did he think would happen in elections?

A

He felt Democracy couldn’t work. He thought we would only elect people who would benefit ourselves not society as a whole.

43
Q

What are Hobbs view regarding equality in society?

A

equality leads to competition and violence

44
Q

Social Contract

A

People should voluntarily give up their rights to the Leviathan (all controlling government) and in turn the government would protect us from ourselves and ensure peace.

45
Q

Which philosopher completely countered Hobbs and wrote the “Two Treaties of Government”?

A

John Locke

46
Q

What was the main thoughts of Locke’s theories regarding humans?

A

Everyone was born with rights, was equal and should be free as long as it doesn’t harm society.

47
Q

Tabula Rasa

A

People are blank at birth and who we become depends on our experiences. We perceive and reason as we live.

48
Q

How did John Locke feel with regard to Tabula Rasa?

A

He completely believed we were born blank

49
Q

What type of thinking did John Locke use to formulate his opinions regarding human nature?

A

Scientific Thinking

50
Q

What did John Locke believe people had the ability to do? Why? What then did it qualify them for?

A

He felt people had the ability to reason, compromise, do the right thing and reflect on their actions because they were moral. Since they had the ability to do that, they were then qualified to be able to rule themselves and look after society as a whole.

51
Q

Divine Right

A

Monarchy does not have to answer to anyone because they have been appointed by God.

52
Q

Did John Locke believe in the Divine Right?

A

No he completely rejected it.

53
Q

What type of monarchy did John Locke support?

A

He supported monarchy with limited power operating only with the approval of the people they govern.

54
Q

What did John Locke believe the responsibility of the government was?

A

To protect natural rights of people

55
Q

Natural Rights

A

Rights that you are born with and cannot be taken away. Life, Liberty (Freedom), and the right to own Property.

56
Q

What was John Locke’s ideas regarding government branches and why?

A

He thought there should be 3 branches of government so that no one ruler could abuse power.

57
Q

What did John Locke think should be done with rulers that did not preserve the Natural Rights of Man?

A

They should be overthrown and replaced with a ruler who protects the rights of the individual.

58
Q

Who wrote “Spirit of the Laws”?

A

Baron de Montesquieu

59
Q

According to Baron de Montesquieu, which was better, Republics or Limited Monarchies?

A

Both had virtues and vices

60
Q

Baron de Montesquieu wrote about what in the Spirit of Laws?

A

It outlined what he believed to be the perfect government.

61
Q

How did Baron de Montesquieu come to his conclusions on government?

A

He studied existing governments

62
Q

According to Baron de Montesquieu, what were the reasons to separate powers of government between groups?

A

So that no group or person could abuse power

63
Q

How did Baron de Montesquieu believe political institutions should guide themselves?

A

They should conform to the particular environment they are in with regard to culture, politics, beliefs, economy, climate, etc.

64
Q

Who wrote the Social Contract

A

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

65
Q

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau think regarding the connection of the social contract to human nature?

A

People are born good and free and it is the environment, education, and law that can corrupt that. It is the governments job to preserve Natural Rights.

66
Q

General Will

A

The good of community as a whole should be placed above individual interests. The Individual is subordinate to the community. The good of the whole outweighs the good of one.

67
Q

Did women of the Enlightenment have the same rights as men?

A

No

68
Q

What women were prominent in helping the cause of Enlightenment?

A

Madame Geoffrin, Abigale Adams, Olympe de Gouges, and Mary Wollstonecraft

69
Q

Who wrote, “Vindication of the Rights of Women”?

A

Mary Wollstonecraft

70
Q

What was the Enlightenment Slogan associated with Mary Wollstonecraft? What was the meaning of the slogan?

A

“Free and Equal” which meant that there were equal rights for all human beings including women.

71
Q

What did Mary Wollstonecraft accept regarding the role of women in society and what did she want to change?

A

She accepted that the first duty of women was to be a good mother. She did think however, that women should be able to decide what was in their best interest without depending on their husband to decide for them.

72
Q

How did Mary Wollstonecraft feel about education and women? Why?

A

She advocated for equal education which would allow them to participate equally in life with men.

73
Q

How did Madame Geoffrin help the cause of Enlightenment?

A

She sponsored salons where “thinkers” could mingle. She also gave financial support to help get the Encyclopedia published.

74
Q

How did Abigail Adams further the idea of Enlightenment? What did her husband do?

A

She was married to John Adams, leader of the American Revolution. She spoke out to her husband in favor of equal representation of women in government and a woman’s right to an education.

75
Q

Who was Olympe de Gouges and what did she do to help further Enlightenment?

A

She was a daughter of a French butcher and despite her poor education she went on to write an be a social reformer. She published the Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen in 1791.

76
Q

What areas did Olympe de Gouges feel women should be equal in?

A

ALL including voting, holding office, owning property, serving in the military, and equality in family and church.

77
Q

What happened to Olympe de Gouges in 1793? Why?

A

She was sent to the guillotine to be hung because she spoke out against the bloodshed of the revolution which labeled her a traitor.

78
Q

What did the Printing Press do to further Enlightenment ideas?

A

It allowed publishing to increase so more books could be made and the cost would go down so more people could read the books and be exposed to the ideas. It also allowed libraries, journals and newspapers to be used to spread ideas further.

79
Q

How did wealth of the elite and their practices spread the ideas of Enlightenment?

A

The Elite could sponsor salons so that ideas could be shared. They invited smart people and provided food, drink, and entertainment to promote conversation and the sharing of ideas. In addition, they could afford to travel and shared their ideas with others on their travels.

80
Q

Salons

A

Social gatherings in homes, cafes and restaurants where food, drink and entertainment were provided and intellectuals were invited and encouraged to share their ideas.

81
Q

Who states his ideas in the “Essay on the Forms of Government” (1777)? What are the ideas?

A

Frederick II stated he was just a man and was a servant of the State and is responsible if he does not care for the people financially and improve their morals and education. He is also obligated to be a good example to them.

82
Q

Who wrote their ideas in the “Proposals for a New Law Code “ (1767)?

A

Catherine II who felt that people should have natural freedoms but have their actions corrected and people should have equality in their basic rights and treated humanely. In addition, they should be judged by their peers and not tortured.

World History II (2 decks)

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