enlightenment Flashcards
“In my kingdom, everyone can go to heaven in his own fashion.”
fredrick the great, religious tolerance (everyone can practice whatever religion they want)
“I was a leader during the American War of Independence and wrote the Declaration of Independence.”
Thomas Jefferson
“Have the courage to use your own intelligence!”
Kant, motto of the enlightenment, start thinking for yourself
“Men are born free but everywhere are in chains!”
Rousseau, social contract, social order is a sacred right but does not come from nature. it is based on conventions
“It is necessary for nations to be ruled by a leader with a ‘balance of power’ who is subject to ‘checks and balances’”.
Montesque
“The invisible hand of competition should regulate the economy through supply and demand.”
adam smith
”. . . greatest good for the greatest number . . .”
bentham
”. . . the punishment should fit the crime.”
hobbes
”. . . we are not a tolerant society . . . especially in consideration of another’s religion . . . too many deaths have occurred in the name of religion . . .”
voltaire
Gazettes
Magazines
Various “Acts” of the Revolution
Sugar Act- taxes on sugar in american colonies, raised money for war (reason)
Stamp Act- tax on wills, contracts, etc, raised money for war (reason)
Intolerable Act- Boston Tea Party (closing of Boston Harbour until colonists complied with taxes) (reason)
Quartering Act- all British soldiers were housed and fed by colonists
Deism
god created the universe but that is it. He is not involved in anything that has happened in the world after
Physiocrats
economists and political scientists, no tariffs, free exchange of goods, free market and free trade
Philosophes
common people, still rich, intellectuals who promoted education, believed in natural law, wrote satirical writings criticizing the government
Enlightened despots: Catherine the Great
hangs out with voltaire, queen of prussia, hospitals, education, gave land to the poor,
Enlightened despots: Frederick the Great
religious tolerations, bff’s with voltaire, king of prussia
Enlightened despots: Joeseph
pretended to be a commoner so he could “understand” what it was like and “relate”
Edict of Nantes
ended the religious wars in France, granted religious tolerance to Protestantism
Laissez-faire
adam smith, government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.
Scholacticism
use reason to understand faith - prove the existence of god through reason
Assess the importance of salons on the intellectual growth of the eighteenth century. How did salons reflect the ideals of the Enlightenment?
reflected the ideals of enlightening because they were a casual place where people could converse intellectual thought and “new age” ideas freely,
Unlike some members of the middle and upper classes who emphasized reason and intellect, the lower classes’ daily lives had changed little since the middle ages.
lower class drank in pubs and gossiped, drank watered down wine and gin. Enjoyed bloodsports such as bull-baiting and torturing cats (something children were encouraged to do). Were highly superstitious: after children were baptized they were rolled on the alter to strengthen their muscles, god parents kiss children under the to guard children against stammering and muteness. Thought cats were the agents of the devil or transformed witches. These superstitions and folklore guided their lives. WHY: they did not have access to the same education the others had and therefore were not able to come to the same rational, scientitfc conclusions as the nobles
How did the American Revolution exemplify the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment? Be specific, using direct examples and philosophes, people etc.
Montesque: formed independent government due to British tyranny. Colonists notice a lack of government so they made their own
Voltaire: colonists are fighting for freedom. church of england does not transfer to America, there is religious tolerance
Rousseau: “what mean is or ever was born free if every man is not?” idea of freedom and liberty (what made the American revolution truly revolutionary)
Jefferson was a deist (enlightenment idea)
causes of american revolution
french indian war- british fought french in NA, war left debt in england and colonists were expected to pay it through taxes
taxation without representation - taxes passed on colonists were not voted on by them, had no representation in parliament and felt they were not subjected to britih taxes (different Acts)
declaration of independence- revolution had been going on for a year and tensions were rising
Deposts
absolute rulers
