enlightenment

Question 1

“In my kingdom, everyone can go to heaven in his own fashion.”

Answer 1

fredrick the great, religious tolerance (everyone can practice whatever religion they want)

Question 2

“I was a leader during the American War of Independence and wrote the Declaration of Independence.”

Answer 2

Thomas Jefferson

Question 3

“Have the courage to use your own intelligence!”

Answer 3

Kant, motto of the enlightenment, start thinking for yourself

Question 4

“Men are born free but everywhere are in chains!”

Answer 4

Rousseau, social contract, social order is a sacred right but does not come from nature. it is based on conventions

Question 5

“It is necessary for nations to be ruled by a leader with a ‘balance of power’ who is subject to ‘checks and balances’”.

Answer 5

Montesque

Question 6

“The invisible hand of competition should regulate the economy through supply and demand.”

Answer 6

adam smith

Question 7

”. . . greatest good for the greatest number . . .”

Answer 7

bentham

Question 8

”. . . the punishment should fit the crime.”

Answer 8

hobbes

Question 9

”. . . we are not a tolerant society . . . especially in consideration of another’s religion . . . too many deaths have occurred in the name of religion . . .”

Answer 9

voltaire

Question 10

Gazettes

Answer 10

Magazines

Question 11

Various “Acts” of the Revolution

Answer 11

Sugar Act- taxes on sugar in american colonies, raised money for war (reason)

Stamp Act- tax on wills, contracts, etc, raised money for war (reason)

Intolerable Act- Boston Tea Party (closing of Boston Harbour until colonists complied with taxes) (reason)

Quartering Act- all British soldiers were housed and fed by colonists

Question 12

Deism

Answer 12

god created the universe but that is it. He is not involved in anything that has happened in the world after

Question 13

Physiocrats

Answer 13

economists and political scientists, no tariffs, free exchange of goods, free market and free trade

Question 14

Philosophes

Answer 14

common people, still rich, intellectuals who promoted education, believed in natural law, wrote satirical writings criticizing the government

Question 15

Enlightened despots: Catherine the Great

Answer 15

hangs out with voltaire, queen of prussia, hospitals, education, gave land to the poor,

Question 16

Enlightened despots: Frederick the Great

Answer 16

religious tolerations, bff’s with voltaire, king of prussia

Question 17

Enlightened despots: Joeseph

Answer 17

pretended to be a commoner so he could “understand” what it was like and “relate”

Question 18

Edict of Nantes

Answer 18

ended the religious wars in France, granted religious tolerance to Protestantism

Question 19

Laissez-faire

Answer 19

adam smith, government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Question 20

Scholacticism

Answer 20

use reason to understand faith - prove the existence of god through reason

Question 21

Assess the importance of salons on the intellectual growth of the eighteenth century. How did salons reflect the ideals of the Enlightenment?

Answer 21

reflected the ideals of enlightening because they were a casual place where people could converse intellectual thought and “new age” ideas freely,

Question 22

Unlike some members of the middle and upper classes who emphasized reason and intellect, the lower classes’ daily lives had changed little since the middle ages.

Answer 22

lower class drank in pubs and gossiped, drank watered down wine and gin. Enjoyed bloodsports such as bull-baiting and torturing cats (something children were encouraged to do). Were highly superstitious: after children were baptized they were rolled on the alter to strengthen their muscles, god parents kiss children under the to guard children against stammering and muteness. Thought cats were the agents of the devil or transformed witches. These superstitions and folklore guided their lives. WHY: they did not have access to the same education the others had and therefore were not able to come to the same rational, scientitfc conclusions as the nobles

Question 23

How did the American Revolution exemplify the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment? Be specific, using direct examples and philosophes, people etc.

Answer 23

Montesque: formed independent government due to British tyranny. Colonists notice a lack of government so they made their own
Voltaire: colonists are fighting for freedom. church of england does not transfer to America, there is religious tolerance
Rousseau: “what mean is or ever was born free if every man is not?” idea of freedom and liberty (what made the American revolution truly revolutionary)
Jefferson was a deist (enlightenment idea)

Question 24

causes of american revolution

Answer 24

french indian war- british fought french in NA, war left debt in england and colonists were expected to pay it through taxes

taxation without representation - taxes passed on colonists were not voted on by them, had no representation in parliament and felt they were not subjected to britih taxes (different Acts)

declaration of independence- revolution had been going on for a year and tensions were rising

Question 25

Deposts

Answer 25

absolute rulers