Enlightenment

Question 1

Natural Rights

Answer 1

Rights we should naturally have in a state of nature.

Question 2

Social Contract

Answer 2

An agreement between members of society to guarantee organization and peace.

Question 3

Popular Sovereignty

Answer 3

Government based on decisions by the people.

Question 4

Sovereign

Answer 4

A supreme ruler, especially a monarch

Question 5

Geocentrism vs Heliocentrism

Answer 5

GEO: Earth is at center of universe.
HELIO: (Copernicus) Sun is at center.

Question 6

Galileo Galilei

Answer 6

Law of inertia, lots of astronomical discoveries. Conflict with Catholic church bc he supported heliocentric theory.

Question 7

Nicolaus Copernicus

Answer 7

Polish cleric (religious), astronomer, mathematician, created heliocentric theory.

Question 8

Francis Bacon

Answer 8

Created scientific method. Did not like relying on medieval authorities.

Question 9

Isaac Newton

Answer 9

Created laws of physics, laid foundations for study of calculus and mechanics.

Question 10

Scientific Method

Answer 10

Method of inquiry based on experimentation in nature.

Question 11

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 11

SON: Bad, must create supreme to impose peace.
SOCIAL CONTRACT: People give up natural rights and freedom to king.

Question 12

John Locke

Answer 12

SON: Bad.
SOCIAL CONTACT: Cannot give up natural rights (especially property). People can revolt.

Question 13

Charles Montesquieu

Answer 13

SON leads to State of War.
Job of gov is to protect people from State of War.
Seperation of powers.

Question 14

Jean-Jaques Rousseau

Answer 14

SOCIAL CONTRACT: Fraud against people by rich.
Direct Democracy / General Will.
Give up rights to community.

Question 15

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 15

Advocated for equality for women (especially education), went against Rousseau.

Question 16

Ancient Regime

Answer 16

Political system of France until revolution (monarchy, estates)

Question 17

First Estate

Answer 17

Clergy, wanted to vote by estate.

Question 18

Second Estate

Answer 18

Aristocracy (RICH), wanted to vote by estate

Question 19

Third Estate

Answer 19

Common folk, wanted to vote individually.

Question 20

Tennis Court Oath (FR)

Answer 20

Oath made by National Assembly (1789), vowed to continue meeting until they drew up a new constitution.

Question 21

Womens March (FR)

Answer 21

Many Parisian women marched on Versailles, demanding reforms.

Question 22

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (FR)

Answer 22

All men are equal under law and have inviolable liberties. Gave power to people/nation (led by free MEN).

Question 23

Marie Antoinette

Answer 23

Wife of Louis XVI. Extravagance and opposition to reforms. Was guillotined.

Question 24

Louis XVI

Answer 24

King of France, didn’t grant reforms -> revolution.
Tried to escape France, was guillotined.

Question 25

Storming of the Bastille (FR)

Answer 25

People decapitated commanding officer, paraded his head. Peasants torched houses and archival. Very violent. Bastille was attacked bc it showed monarch power in the middle of Paris.

Question 26

Bastille (FR)

Answer 26

Armory and political prisoner prison.

Question 27

Jacobins (FR)

Answer 27

Most radical group of the national assembly. Poor, common people.

Question 28

Maximilien Robespierre

Answer 28

Led committee of public safety, part of most radical phases of French Revolution (killed many). His death ended the Terror.

Question 29

Napoleon Bonaparte

Answer 29

Came into power through coup. Emperor of France post revolution. Eased religious tensions, led wars for land. Was unable to conquer Russia which led to his fall. Similar to Hobbes.

Question 30

Saint Dominique (HR)

Answer 30

Location for Haitian Revolution, major sugar and coffee exports.

Question 31

Society of the Friends of the Blacks (HR)

Answer 31

Society formed by French people, protested France's support of slavery.

Question 32

Affranchis

Answer 32

Free people of color, wanted same rights as whites.

Question 33

Toussaint Louverture

Answer 33

Rose to prominence (switched sides in war from SPANISH→FRENCH), an affranchi, wanted to maintain plantation labor but with paid wages.

Question 34

Boukman Dutty

Answer 34

Leader of Haitian revolution. Wanted to throw away god and listen to internal liberty.

Question 35

Rigaud

Answer 35

Leading military leader during Haitian Revolution. Aligned with revolutionary France.

Question 36

Role of Great Britain, France, and the United States in Haiti

Answer 36

GB was worried about their slaves revolting. FRANCE influenced Haiti with their revolution. US was also scared of slave revolts, stuff from Haiti was exported here.

Question 37

In what ways do the key ideas of Locke, Rousseau, Hobbes, and Montesquieu overlap and compete with each other? How does Mary Wollstonecraft fit into this discussion?

Answer 37

Hobbes and Locke have similar values, but Locke values property more, Montesquieu is all about dividing power and Rousseau wants power in the people, Wollstonecraft came from the side of women, going against the ideas of the men not giving women power (she disagreed with majority of their ideas since they gave women nothing and men everything).

Question 38

In what ways do logic and reason compete with religion as sources of authority? How can they both be useful and lead to erroneous conclusions?

Answer 38

Enlightenment led people to stray from religious concepts over reasoning (not all religious stuff is reasonable), and while logic does not always help, it did by allowing people to see a new side of things that brought the countries forward in development. Faith makes people more passionate and can be easily manipulated., logic can look over emotions and truth (racism, sexism).

Question 39

How do the ideas of the Enlightenment come into practice in France and Haiti?

Answer 39

In France, it made them want a better government, and also led them to stray from religious concepts over reasoning (not all religious stuff is reasonable), Logic helped at this time by allowing people to see a new side of things that brought the countries forward in development. Enlightenment ideas made people want to challenge authority, this made them question their conditions, and they then wanted to rebel against what they now thought was bad.

Question 40

Committee of Public Safety

Answer 40

established and led by Robespierre, instigated the Reign of Terror, caused paranoia (psychological & physical terror, similar to Red Scare)

Question 41

Origins of the French Revolution

Answer 41

the Enlightenment, bad government, debt in government (due to supporting certain wars, led to taxing the nobles), unhappy people