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Veterinary Medicine Year 2 > ENI - Flies > Flashcards

ENI - Flies Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 suborders of diptera?

A
  • Brachycera (short antennae)

- Nematocera (long antennae)

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2
Q

What are the direct effects of flies?

A
  • Bites and allergies
  • Botflies
  • Myiasis causing flies (fly strike)
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3
Q

What are the indirect effects of flies?

A

Transmission of infections

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4
Q

Name the 4 families of nematocera

A
  • Simulidae
  • Culicidae
  • Ceratopogonidae
  • Psychodidae
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5
Q

Describe the typical life cycle of Nematocera

A
  • Holometabolomes
  • Aquatic life cycle
  • Eggs laid (near water)
  • 4 larval stages (point into water)
  • Pupate
  • Hatch
  • Mating
  • Female requires blood meal for egg production
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6
Q

Name the families of Brachycera

A
  • Muscidae
  • tabanidae
  • Hippoboscidae
  • Glossinidae
  • Oestridae
  • Sarcophagidae
  • Calliphoridae
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7
Q

What is the difference between the life cycles of Nematocera and Brachycera?

A

Brachycera not usually aquatic life cyces, Nematocera require water

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8
Q

Name common species of Muscidae

A
  • House flies: Musca domestica, M. autumnalis
  • Head flies: Hydrotaea irritans
  • Stable fly: Stomoxys calcitrans
  • Horn flies: Haematobia irritans
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9
Q

Which of the Muscidae are blood feeders?

A
  • Stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans)

- Horn flies (Haematobia irritans)

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10
Q

Describe Hydrotaea irritans

A
  • Sheep head fly
  • Feed on secretions from eyes, nose and debris at horn base
  • Feeding causes irritation, scratching resultin in wounds
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11
Q

Describe Haematoba irritans

A
  • Horn flies
  • Take blood meal
  • most often from cattle
  • Painful bites
  • Economically importnat
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12
Q

Describe the role of Muscidae as vectors of infection

A
  • Spread bacteria into eyes and wounds
  • Pinkeye (Moraxella bovis infection)
  • Summer mastitis (though to be by head fly)
  • Can also transmit faecal pathogens e.g. Salmonella and Campylobacter among chickens and people
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13
Q

Describe the Tabanidae family

A
  • Brachycera
  • Horseflies (Tabanus)
  • Deer flies (Haematopota)
  • Clegs (Chrysops spp)
  • large biting flies
  • Diurnal, strong fliers
  • Prevent feeding, highly irritant, mechanical vector
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14
Q

What is the most common tabanid in the UK?

A

Haematopota pluvalis

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15
Q

Describe the feeding of tabanids

A
  • Females bite and drink blood

- Large saw-like mouth parts

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16
Q

Describe the life cycle of tabanids

A
  • Eggs laid on stems of plants
  • Larvae live in wet mud or may be completely aquatic
  • Require several months to complete life cycle
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17
Q

Descibe the Tsetse fly

A
  • Genus Glossina
  • Sub-saharan Africa
  • Viviparous
  • Vectors of parasitic protozoa
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18
Q

Describe the reproduction of the Tsetse fly

A
  • Viviparous
  • Eggs inside female, hatch within then emerge
  • Are not deposited until ready to pupate
  • Holometabolous life cycle
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19
Q

Describe the life cycle of trypanosomes with relation to the Tsetse fly

A
  • Fly takes blood meal, ingests protozoan
  • Protozoan replicates by binary fission in mid-gut of fly
  • Transforms into infective stage
  • Enters salivary glands and multiplies
  • Fly takes blood meal and injects into the bloodstream
  • Multiplies by binary fission in blood, lymph and spinal fluid
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20
Q

Describe Simuliidae

A
  • Nematocera
  • 1-5mm
  • Humped thorax
  • Diurnal
  • Bite in grey, warm weather
  • Transmit infectious diseases
  • Aka black flies
  • Simulium is most important genus
  • Eggs and larvae oxygenated, fast flowing water
  • Irritant and pest
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21
Q

Describe the feeding habits of adult Simuliidae

A
  • Adult males: nectar

- Adult females: blood from wide range of vertebrates

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22
Q

Describe mosquitoes

A
  • Culicidae, Nematocera
  • 2-10mm
  • Slender, long legs, adult females have long proboscis
  • Crepuscular/nocturnal
  • Poor fliers
  • Transmit infectious diseases
  • 2 main groups
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23
Q

Give examples of diseases transmitted by mosquitoes

A
  • Plasmodium (malaria)
  • Dirofilaria immitis
  • Various viruses (e.g. West Nile virus, Myxomatosis, avian poxvirus, equine encephalitis virus, equine infectious anaemia virus)
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24
Q

Outline methods of transmission of diseases by mosquitoes

A
  • Can act as intermediate host/definitive host or mechanical vector
  • Vertical transmission between mosquitoes also possible
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25
Q

What are the 2 main groups of mosquito?

A
  • Anopheline (e.g. Aedes spp.)

- Culicine (e.g. Culex spp.)

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26
Q

Describe mosquito breeding

A
  • Aquatic areas
  • Eggs laid on water or moist ground
  • Larval stages live in still ponds, water butts etc
  • Culicine larvae hang down
  • Anopheline lay parallel with surface water
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27
Q

Describe feeding in mosquitoes

A
  • Adults drink nectar

- Female has to have blood meal before laying eggs

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28
Q

Describe transmission of Dirofilaria immitis by mosquitos

A
  • Mosquito takes blood meal, ingests microfilaria
  • Penetrate mosquito’s midgut, migrate to malphigian tubules
  • Moult L1-L3
  • Migrate to head and proboscis
  • Takes blood meal, L3 into bite wound, infect host
29
Q

Describe Ceratopogonidae

A
  • Nematocera
  • Biting midges
  • 1-4mm
  • Humped thoax, wings flat at rest
  • Crepuscular, dull humid weather
  • Poor fliers
  • Transmit infectious dieases
  • Aquatic/semi-aquatic diseases
  • Can be severe irritants and cause allergies
30
Q

Give an example of an allergy caused by Culicoides

A

Sweet itch in horses

31
Q

List diseases transmitted by ceratopogonidae

A
  • Onchocerca spp
  • Protozoa
  • Viruses e.g. bluetongue, Schmallenberg
  • African horse sickness
  • Trypanosomes, filaroid nematodes
32
Q

Describe Psychodidae

A
  • Nematocera
  • Sand flies
  • 3-5mm
  • Hairy, moth-like, long legs, hop not fly
  • Nocturnal
  • Weak fliers
  • Transmit infectious dieases
  • Only adult female drinks blood
33
Q

What diseases are transmitted by Sand flies?

A
  • Leishmania
  • Phlebotomus in Eurpor
  • Lutzomyia in America
34
Q

Describe the locations of the egg and larval stages of Sand flies

A
  • Eggs laid on ground

- Larvae (multiple stages) live in humid soil, leaf litter etc

35
Q

Describe Melophagus ovis

A
  • Sheep ked
  • Permanent obligate ectoparasite, no wings
  • 5-8mm
  • Single egg hatches inside female, 3 moults, then emerges and sticks to hair and pupates
  • Transmission through direct contact
36
Q

What pathology does Melophagus ovis cause?

A
  • Irritation
  • Rubbing
  • Wool loss
37
Q

Describe Hippoboscis equina

A
  • New forest fly ~10mm, wings, fly short distances
  • Female produces larvae that pupate on ground
  • Found on horses and cattle
38
Q

What are Hypoderma more commonly known as?

A
  • Heel flies
  • Warble flies
  • Cattle grubs
39
Q

What are the main species of Hypoderma?

A
  • Hypoderma bovis

- Hypoderma lineatum

40
Q

Describe the life cycle of Hypoderma

A
  • Adults fly in spring and early summer, lay eggs on skin
  • Eggs hatch, larvae migrate and moult through body
  • Between muscles to oesophagus or up to nerves to vertebrae then to skin where moult again
  • Cut breathing holes to hide in
  • Final stage grubs drop to ground and pupate
  • Cycle ~1 year
41
Q

What are the 3 main species of Gasterophilus? What are the differences?

A
  • Intestinalis: lays eggs around knees
  • Nasalis: lays eggs under jaw
  • Haemorrhoidalis: lays eggs around lips
42
Q

Describe the life cycle of Gasterophilus species

A
  • Eggs laid in varying places depending on species
  • Taken into mouth of horse
  • Larvae hatch and migrate through mouth to pharynx then swallowed
  • Bind to glandular-non-glandular junction of stomach
  • Passed in faeces after moulting
  • Pupate in soil into adults
43
Q

What are Gasterophilus more commonly known as?

A

Horse bots

44
Q

What are Oestrus ovis mor commonly known as?

A

Sheep nasal bot fly

45
Q

What type of reproduction do Oestrus ovis carry out?

A

Larviparous

46
Q

What are the effects of Oestrus ovis infestation?

A
  • Profuse discharge, thickening of nasal mucosa
  • Impairs respiration
  • Larvae present in sinuses sometimes able to escape, die = septic sinuses
  • Sometimes enter brain
47
Q

What is Lucilia sericata more commonly known as?

A

Common green bottle

48
Q

Describe parasitism by Lucilia sericata

A
  • Facultative parasites
  • Eat carrion as well as causing strike
  • Mainly eat lymph and necrotic tissue
  • Only eat healthy tissue when overcrowded
49
Q

Where are eggs of Lucilia sericata laid?

A
  • Moist areas where infection is already underway

- e.g. deep in fleece or in infected wound

50
Q

List species of blow flies that cause cause strike in the UK

A
  • Lucilia sericata (common green bottle)
  • Phormia regina (black blow fly)
  • Calliphora vicina/ erythrocephala ( blue bottle fly)
  • Protophormia terraenovae
51
Q

Describe Sarcophagidae

A
  • Genus Wohlfahrtia
  • Flesh flies
  • OBligate larval parasite of warm blooded vertebrates in Med, eastern and central Europe, Asia minor
  • Cause rapid and severe myiasis i most livestock
52
Q

What are the potential agents of fly strike/

A
  • Screwworm

- Blow/bottle flies

53
Q

Describe fly strike lesions in sheep

A
  • Range from cm diameter of skin hyperaemia with small number of maggots
  • To extensive areas of traumatised/devitalised skin causing death in neglected cases
54
Q

What are the legal requirements regarding fly strike in sheep?

A
  • Check low ground and upland sheep daily

- Death of sheep due to blowfly strike can lead to prosecution under animal welfare legislation

55
Q

Give risk factors for fly strike in sheep

A
  • Faecal staining around perineum
  • Virulent foot rot lesions
  • Dermatophilosis lesions on skin
  • Urine scaling around prepuce
  • Leaving shot pests in fields with sheep
56
Q

Outline control of fly strike in rabbits

A
  • Check rabbit daily, especially in warm months
  • Clean immediately if necessary
  • Clean litter trays and remove soiled bedding daily
  • Staple net curtains over hutch/run
  • Look out for conditions prevent self-cleaning e.g dental, spinal, obesity
  • Incorrect diets leading to too many caecotrophs
57
Q

What are the key aspects of fly control?

A
  • Husbandry
  • Mechanical
  • Chemicals
  • Biological control
58
Q

Describe husbandry in fly control

A
  • Remove litter/manure, carcasses

- Ensure animals are healthy i.e. shear soild wool/fur, clean and protect wounds

59
Q

Describe mechanical aspects of fly control

A
  • Barriers, meshes, traps

- Cleaning/burning

60
Q

Describe chemical aspects of fly control

A
  • Insecticides, repellents
  • On animal
  • On environment
  • Fairly non-specific, may kill off other insects
61
Q

Give examples of biological aspects of fly control

A
  • Parasitoids wasps

- Nematodes/bacteria

62
Q

Which fly has the least potential to act as a vector of infection and why?

A
  • Bot fly

- Does not take a blood meal

63
Q

Describe the mouthparts of nematocera

A

Piercing

64
Q

What fly acts as a vector for Dirofilaria immitis?

A

Mosquito

65
Q

What flies act as vectors for Typanosomiasis?

A
  • Tsetse fly (Glossina)

- Culicoides

66
Q

What kind of hypersensitivity is Culicoides sensitivity and what is teh condition called?

A
  • Type I, IgE mediateed

- Sweet itch

67
Q

How is Culicoides sensitivity diagnosed?

A
  • Mainly by ruling out other causes
  • Serology for IgE
  • Intradermal allergy testing
  • history and clinical presentation
68
Q

Outline teh control of Culicoides hypersensitivity

A
  • Keep in field out of breeze
  • Keep in at peak times (msot active at night)
  • Use fly rugs
  • Control pruritus and treat any secondary infections
  • Fly repellent (citronella, DEET)
  • Corticosteroids
  • Antihistamines

Veterinary Medicine Year 2 (30 decks)

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