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HS 2610 > Enhancement > Flashcards

Enhancement Flashcards

1
Q

What are some typical moral objections to enhancement?

A
  • cheating/unfairness
  • harm to self, others, the institution
  • intrinsic/extrinsic goods
  • zero sum/non-zero sum
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2
Q
  1. What did professor Sandel say about normality?
  2. Therapy has an ethical basis in the relationship between _______ and _______ __________
  3. The purpose of therapy is to restore you to __________
A
  1. normality = typical functioning of species where there is a balance and if this is achieved, you can carry on with life and feel good
  2. health and human flourishing
  3. normality
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3
Q

T/F: Enhancement is a new trend in modern society

A

F. has always been there, historically rooted

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4
Q

What are 3 facts about performance enhancing drugs?

A
  1. predate history
  2. was/is universal
  3. seems to serve the same purpose –> fix health, religious reasons, mood, improve functioning
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5
Q

T/F: coffee was the earliest known substance to help with functioning

A

T

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6
Q

What are the 2 values of coca leaf use?

A
  1. energy
  2. working at high altitudes to prevent altitude sickness (working from heights)
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7
Q
  1. Why did people use beer as a performance enhancing drug?
  2. T/F: beer stops you from taking risks
A
  1. more energy, courage
  2. F. disinhibits you so you take MORE risks
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8
Q
  1. What were 3 performance enhancing drugs in Ancient Greece Olympics?
  2. The ancient Olympics was focused on _________ more than today’s Olympics.
A
  1. fungus = psychedelic mushrooms
  2. bread soaked in opium
  3. alcohol = ended up being banned in Olympics

winning. Otherwise you could be put to die

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9
Q

Why has there been a proliferation of sport enhancing drugs in modern society, specifically for men? What was the public health concern?

A

an increase in urban jobs and really bad working conditions. Men were working these jobs, coming home and the birth rate was dropping because of the population being overworked. public health concern = increase in birth rate of the non-white population, so they wanted to change this

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10
Q

What were 2 ways to change the “decrease in white population”?

A
  1. change work environment
  2. push for a hormonal enhancement for men
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11
Q

What are the 4 elements of cheating?

A
  1. rule must be fair and fairly enforced
    2.rule breaking must take place in a cooperative rule governed activity
  2. rule breaker must intend to break the rules
  3. rule breaker must intend to gain an advantage
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12
Q

Explain how enhancement can harm each:
1. self
2. others
3. institutions

A
  1. self = doping does not equal abuse, the activity may not be healthy on its own
  2. others = coercion from being peer pressured, trying to compete with others
  3. institutions = could profit from enhanced performance, could infringe on autonomy
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13
Q

What is the bad faith argument?

A

that you will do it if other people do it and if you are willing to do anything to succeed, then you have no choice than to do the drug. Otherwise, bad things (ex; losing) will occur if you do not do the drug

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14
Q

what are the differences between intrinsic vs. extrinsic goods? Give an example

A

intrinsic = benefits gains from doing the activity that have value only to you. Ex: developing a skill by practice, so like a hockey player training to be the best

extrinsic = things of external value that you gain from high performance. Ex: money, social and economic capital, so the hockey player winning and getting money and fame

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15
Q

Explain Allen Buchanan’s beliefs on enhancement drugs? Give an example.

A

that drugs don’t necessarily mean one isn’t earning their success. They could be training harder and longer than someone else. Ex: steroids don’t just magically work, you have to put in the work and it helps you recover faster so you can work even harder and not get injured

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16
Q

What is the zero vs non-zero sum? Give an example and what does each situation encourage?

A

zero sum = there is a winner and everyone who didn’t win, lost. Ex: gold means winner, silver means loser. Encourages the idea that you have to do anything to win

non-zero sum = there is no single prize for one person/team to claim. everyone is there for themselves and not competing. Ex: university once you are in.

17
Q

What is affective (emotional) enhancement?

A

used specifically to get a side effect where your emotions are effected. Could be deprived or heightened emotions

18
Q

What is the threshold problem with emotional enhancement?

A

if we treat PTSD that would be revolutionary. But it is like a vaccine against trauma, we don’t want to rely on it to help people. Its misuse can have profound negative features.

19
Q

What is the definition of enhancement?

A

to advance, augment, elevate, etc, increase the value or worth of something

20
Q

What is the useful boundary marker of enhancements in healthcare?

A

health professionals have to morally evaluate if enhancements should be used or not. They are not ethically obligated to use enhancements, but their moral obligations to patients require therapeutic interventions. Sometimes these therapeutic interventions can actually be an enhancement

21
Q

People contemplating enhancement acts like a moral signpost warning that we are approaching __________ moral territory. What does this mean

A

unsettleing moral territory. Alerts us that our moral values could be at stake

22
Q

T/F: The intrinsic properties (ex; injection) tell us whether something is ethically wrong. Why or why not

A

F. they DO NOT tell us. so we have to use moral judgement in understanding what goods are being sought from the use of this injection

23
Q

What are the 4 difficulties in distinction between enhancement and therapy?

A
  1. all therapy can be understood as enhancement
  2. there are some biomedical interventions that aim unequivocally at health and are therefore enhancement (like a vaccine)
  3. some biological interventions can go from being therapeutic to outright pursuit of enhancement (like hGH)
  4. the same goal can be reached using other methods (ex: a person who lacks self confidence could work out instead of taking an anti-depressant)
24
Q

List the 5 arguments for not resisting biomedical enhancement

A
  1. incoherency argument
  2. line drawing obligation
  3. liberty
  4. resistance is futile
  5. people should shape themselves
25
Q

What are the 3 problems with enhancement

A
  1. waste of resources
  2. complicity with unjust norms
  3. justice and equal access

HS 2610 (7 decks)

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