English quest #1 Flashcards
Aristotle birth and death
384 BC to 322 BC
Aristotle’s job
Ancient Greek philosopher and scientist
Who is Aristotle considered as?
One of the greatest thinkers in politics, psychology, ethics, and more
When Aristotle was 17, what did he do?
He enrolled into Plato’s Academy
Did he tutor?
Yes, he tutored Alexander the Great in 338
What did he do after tutoring?
In 335, Aristotle founded his own school
What is the name of the school Aristotle found?
The Lyceum, which is in Athens. He spent most of the rest of his life studying, teaching and writing
What are some of his notable works?
Nichomachean Ethics, politics, metaphysics, poetics and prior analytics
Quote the Origin of the Language of Appeals
“The goal of argumentative writing is to persuade your audience that your ideas are valid, or more valid than someone else’s. The Greek philosopher Aristotle divided the means of persuasion, appeals, into three categories–Ethos, Pathos, Logos.”
What was Aristotle particularly interested in?
rhetoric and how people can both persuade and be persuaded
Definition of rhetoric
the art of speaking or writing effectively
What is rhetoric triangle
its a method to organize the three elements of rhetoric, as outlined by Aristotle. The elements (ethos, pathos, logos), are arranged on a triangle, with logos at the top, and ethos and pathos at the bottom corners. The elements play a crucial role in any argument you write or analyze. Each appeal is equally important and can be used simultaneously. Appeals can also affect each other.
Ethos
definition: an appeal that relies on the expertise knowledge, and credibility of the persuader
Ethos is an effective persuasive strategy because when we believe that the speaker does not intend to do us harm, we are more willing to listen to what they have to say
How can ethos be achieved?
- the presenter being a notable figure in their field (like a doctor, dentist, teacher, lawyer)
- by demonstrating mastery of their field/topic discussed
- By being introduced by other established authorities (reputable magazines or brands)
- by being considered a respected or credible source
Ethos in relation to ethics
Origin: ethos is related to the English word ethics and refers to the trustworthiness or credibility of the speaker/writer
Ethics basically refers to the act of determining what is morally right or wrong
When someone is trying to persuade you, and you feel that you share the same ethics as that person, you may be more inclined to agree with them
example: celebrity endorsements
Logos
Definition: the logic behind an argument
Logos tries to persuade an audience using facts, figures, and data that support the speaker’s claims or thesis
enhances ethos because the information makes the speaker look knowledgeable and prepared, sometimes the information can be exaggerated, misleading or inaccurate
Logos appeals rely on the audience’s intelligence to persuade them. The “logical argument”
Education causes audiences to be more skeptical of emotional arguments and more receptive to logos
Can also be the facts and statistics used to help support the argument. persuading by the use of reasoning
Pathos
The appeal to the audience’s emotions, can be in the form of metaphor, simile, a passionate delivery, or even a simple claim that a matter is unjust, can be particularly powerful if used well
Most effective when the author demonstrates agreement with the underlying values of the audience; speakers may use pathos to appeal to fear in order to sway the audience
Language choice affects the audience’s emotional response, and emotional appeal can effectively be used to enhance an argument
They may be any emotions: love, fear, patriotism, guilt, hate or joy
Examples of logos
Arguments
benefits
facts
figures
data
numbers
statistics
scientific research
processes
product characteristics
Examples of ethos
personal anecdotes (why me?)
client testimonials
success stories
track record
titles
Delivery:
eye contact
body language
vocal variety
poise
Examples of pathos
Stories
positive and negative emotions like frustration, anger, love, or respect
delivery:
coherence (body language and voice are coherent with the specific content)
Allegory
narrative in which the characters and sometimes the setting represent general concepts and ideas
Example: Fables in which personified animals are used allegorically to teach lessons of human conduct (e.g. “The Tortoise and the Hare”
Alliteration
stylistic device identified by the repeated sound of the first consonant in a series of multiple words
Example: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers
Allusion
reference to a person, place, event, or thing from history, mythology, literature
Types: historical; classical/mythological; literary; topical
Amplification
When a writer makes a point twice in a row, with greater emphasis, details, or explanation the second time (thus amplifying it)
Example: love, real love, takes time
Anadiplosis
the repetition of the last word of a preceding clause; the word is used at the end of a sentence or clause, then at the beginning of the next sentence or clause
Example: “…you must make every effort to support your faith with goodness, and goodness with knowledge, and knowledge with self-control, and self-control with endurance, and endurance with godliness, and godliness with mutual affection, and mutual affection with love”
Analogy
Using something well known to draw or develop an understanding of a lesser-known or unfamiliar concept
Example: comparing an anthill to an urban centre helps to convey the fact that anthills are heavily populated, busy, and have regular patterns of activity and movement
Anaphora
the repetition of words (plural) or phrases at the beginning of a group of sentences or clauses (can sound rhythmic)
Example: Martin Luther King Jr.’s powerful repeptition of “I have a dream…” at the beginning of several lines in his famous speech at the Washington monument in 1963 (repeated 6 times)
Anecdote
a short, amusing or interesting story, especially one that is true
Antithesis
a contrast made clear by using contrasting language; using language to emphasize the difference between two opposite ideas or things
Example: “unlike short-sighted, egocentric humans, God “sees with equal eye” the fall of a hero and a sparrow, the destruction of an atom or a solar system.”
Bias
an opinion or influence that strongly favours one side in an argument or one item in a group or series
Conduplicato
type of repetition in which the key word(s) in a phrase, clause, or sentence are repeated at or near the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences. (seems more random, focuses on a single word or phrase)
Example: “I am filled with a profound and abiding gratitude to the American people. Gratitude is a word that I cherish. Gratitude is what defines the humanity of the human being”
Connotation
The associated meanings a word implies or suggests; personal meaning attaches to a word
Example: home connotes intimacy, privacy, coziness
The word ‘cool’ connotes acceptance or agreement; admiration or approval
Figurative language
the use of language to produce images or recall memories in a reader’s mind
Types: metaphor; simile; personification; hyperbole
denotation
the thing or situation to which a word specifically refers; the definition in the dictionary
Example: the word ‘home’ denotes the place where a person lives; a dwelling place
The word ‘cool’ is defined as moderately cold’ neither warm nor cold in temperature
parallelism
The repetition of specific words, phrases, or clauses in a sries, giving emphasis to key words and making them memorable; ideas which are parallel in thought should be parallel in form
Example: “…government of the people, by the people, for the people…” (preposition, definite article, and noun repeated)
repetition
repeating sounds, words, phrases; used for emphasis and rhythm
Example: “There is no mistake; there has been no mistake; and there shall be no mistake”
Reversals
Making a balanced sentence even more memorable by repeating the words in reverse order
Example: “ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country”
Rhetorical question
a question posed whose answer is already known or implied
example: “can fish swim?”
Satire
ridicule, irony, or sarcasm in speech or writing (or media); a novel, play, etc. that ridicules people’s hypocrisy pr foolishness
Understatement (litotes)
A figure of speech wherein understatement is used to emphasize a point by stating a negative or further affirm a positive, often incorporating double negatives for effect; this can create a reverse effect and add a touch of irony by making the fact seem less significant
Example: he’s no genius. (meaning he’s an idiot)
