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English Language > English Language Year 11 Metalanguage > Flashcards

English Language Year 11 Metalanguage Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

What is morphology?

A

The study of words and their parts.

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2
Q

What are morphemes?

A

The smallest unit of meaning within a word.

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3
Q

What is affixation?

A

The use of affixes to create new words (neologisms).

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4
Q

What is abbreviation?

A

Shortened forms of words or phrases.
They include shortenings, initialisms and acronyms.

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5
Q

What is shortening?

A

The abbreviation of the word by reducing its length.

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6
Q

What is compounding?

A

The process of joining of combining two or more words to create a single word.

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7
Q

What is blending?

A

Refers to the process of combining two or more words, where at least one word has undergone a form of abbreviation.

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8
Q

What is backformation?

A

The process of creating a new word by removing what is falsely perceived to be an affix from an existing word.

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9
Q

What is conversion of word class?

A

Involves changing the class or role of a word, without changing its morphology.

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10
Q

What is initialism?

A

A form of abbreviation formed by taking the first letters of words in a string of words pronouncing them as letters.

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11
Q

What is an acronym?

A

A form of abbreviation, formed by taking the first letter of each word and pronouncing them as a whole word.

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12
Q

What is a contraction?

A

A word formed by removing some letters from words and marking the missing letters with an apostrophe.

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13
Q

What is lexicology?

A

The study of words and how they behave within a language.

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14
Q

What are nouns?

A

Words that name places, people things etc.

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15
Q

What are pronouns?

A

Replace nouns and noun phrases within a sentence.

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16
Q

What are verbs?

A

They express actions, states or occurences

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17
Q

What are auxiliary verbs?

A

They support the main verbs of a sentence.

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18
Q

What are modal verbs

A

Auxliary verbs that express possibility, ability, intent of an action occuring.

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19
Q

What are adjectives?

A

They describe or modify nouns and pronouns.

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20
Q

What are adverbs?

A

Modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs or entire sentences. They provide information about time, place, manner, frequency, degree and cause and effect.

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21
Q

What are prepostions?

A

Are words used beofre nouns, pronounss or phrases to indicate direction, time, place, location and spatial relationships.

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22
Q

What are coordinators?

A

They link words, phrases or clauses. (FANBOYS)

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23
Q

What are subordinators?

A

They introduce subordinate clauses and link them to main clauses.

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24
Q

What are determiners?

A

Words that are placed in front of nouns to help clarify he noun, specify quantity or indictae possession.

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25
Q

What are interjections?

A

Words or phrases that express emotion and sometimes requests.

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26
Q

What are neologisms?

A

A newly coined word or expression.

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27
Q

What are borrowings?

A

Words that have been adopted from one language into another.

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28
Q

What are comonisations?

A

Refers to the process by which proper nouns become common nouns.

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29
Q

What are nominalisations?

A

When words are changed into nouns.

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30
Q

What is syntax?

A

The study of how words are ordered into phrases, clauses and sentences

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31
Q

What are phrases?

A

A group of words that acts as a single unit within a sentence but does not include both a subject and a predicate.

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32
Q

What are clauses?

A

A group of words that contain both a subject and a predicate. Can also contain objects, complements and adverbials.

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33
Q

What is subject?

A

The person, place, thing or idea that is performing the action or performing the idea.

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34
Q

What is a predicate?

A

Part of the clause that tells us what the object is doing, or what is being done to the subject. Includes a main verb and its modifiers/

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35
Q

What is an object?

A

The entity that is affected by the action of the subject.

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36
Q

What is a complement?

A

A word or group of words that completes the meaning of a predicate.

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37
Q

What are adverbials?

A

A word, phrase or clause thay provides extra information about a verb.

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38
Q

What is a sentence?

A

A set of words that expresses a complete thought. Consists of a subject and a predicate.

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39
Q

What are the four sentence types?

A

Declarative
Imperative
Exclamative
Interrogative

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40
Q

What are the four sentence structures?

A

Single sentences
Compound sentences
Complex sentences
Compoun-Complex sentences.

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41
Q

What is discourse?

A

Refers to written or spoken texts that are longer than a sentence.

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42
Q

What is pragmatics?

A

The study of how language is used within a given context, and how context contribute to meaning.

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43
Q

What are vocal effects?

A

They are variations in voice that convey information or emotion. They include whispers and laughter.

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44
Q

What is non-verbal communication?

A

Are aspects of body language that contribute to meaning in communication. Includes gestures, facial expressions and eye contact.

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45
Q

What is creakiness?

A

A low vibration of the vocal cords.

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46
Q

What is breathiness?

A

The quality of voice when the presence of breath is noticable

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47
Q

What is semantics?

A

Involves the study of meaning in communication.

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48
Q

What is semantic domains?

A

Refers to a specific area of meaning and the set of words and expressions that have related meanings or cover the relevant subject matter.

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49
Q

What is inference?

A

The process of drawing a logical conclusion from one or more statements or facts, using existing knowledge.

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50
Q

What is phonetics and phonology?

A

The study of how we make speech sounds and its patterns that form within a language.

51
Q

What is assimilation?

A

When a speech sound changes to become more like a neighbouring sound.

52
Q

What is vowel reduction?

A

In unstressed syllables, vowels often become less distinct and are typically reduced to a schwa.

53
Q

What is elision?

A

The omission of a sound.

54
Q

What is insertion?

A

The addition of sounds

55
Q

What are the prosodic features?

A

Stress
Pitch
Intontation
Tempo
Volumne

56
Q

What is phonological patterning?

A

Refers to a set of phonological features in written and spoken texts.
The include alliteration, assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia, rhythm and rhyme.

57
Q

What is alliteration?

A

The repetition of phonemes at the beginning of words in a phrase.

58
Q

What is assonance?

A

The repetition of vowel phonemes across phrases

59
Q

What is consonance?

A

Refers to the repetition of consonant phonemes

60
Q

What is onomatopoeia?

A

The process by whic evocative words are created from the sounds they represent.

61
Q

What is rhyme?

A

Refers to the repetition of similar phonemes at the ends of two or more words.

62
Q

What is rhythm?

A

Created when the intonation of a set of words is repeated across two or more phrases

63
Q

What is active voice?

A

Where the subject of a verb performs an action.

64
Q

What is passive voice?

A

Where the subject receives the action.

65
Q

What is agentless passive?

A

Where the agent is omitted from passive voice.

66
Q

What is syntactic patterning

A

Employed to support a function or purpose creating memorable pieces of texts.
Includes parallelism, antihesis and listing.

67
Q

What is parallelism?

A

The repetition of grammatical structures two or more times in succession.

68
Q

What is antihesis?

A

The presentation of two contrasting ideas near one another in parallel structures.

69
Q

What is listing?

A

Used to present a series of related ideas, items or elements in similar grammatical form.

70
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Refers to the way we use grammtica and lexicla techniques to link words together to create meaning.
Aspects of cohesion are:
Lexical choice
Ellipsis
Repetition
Substitution
Collocation
Adverbials
Conjunctions
Information Flow
Reference

71
Q

What is synonymy?

A

Refers to using pairs or groups of words that are equivalent or very similar in meaning.

72
Q

What is antonymy?

A

The relationship of words that are opposite in meaning.

73
Q

What is an hyponym?

A

A word that belongs to a larger category of terms which is called a hypernym.

74
Q

What is ellipsis?

A

The omission of words or phrases.

75
Q

What is repetiton?

A

Refers to using the same word througout a text to reiterate an idea or topic.

76
Q

What is substitution?

A

Occurs when alternative words, phrases or cluases are used in place of the original

77
Q

What is collocation?

A

Refers to words that typically appear next to or very neat each other in texts.

78
Q

What is information flow?

A

Refers to how speakers covey meaning by organising an sequencing their langauge to effectively communciate with their intended audience.

79
Q

What is front focus?

A

Occurs when a speaker or writer places new information at the front of a sentence.

80
Q

What is clefting?

A

Refers to the modification of syntax of a sentence to emphasise a particular element.

81
Q

What is end focus?

A

When speakers or writers place new information at the end of a sentence or clause.

82
Q

What is reference?

A

Occurs when we use an expression to refer to another word, prhase or clause.
Includes anaphoric, cataphoric and deitic reference.

83
Q

What is anaphoric reference?

A

When an author refers to something that has been previously mentioned in a conversation.

84
Q

What is cataphoric reference?

A

When an author or speaker uses an referring expression to refer to something that will be mentioned later in the discourse.

85
Q

What is deictic reference?

A

An expression used in relation to the speaker, listener or context of the communication.

86
Q

What is coherence?

A

The logical and meaningful organisation of a text.
Aspects of coherence include:
Cohesion
Inference
Logical Ordering
Formatting
Consistency
Conventions

87
Q

What is logical ordering?

A

Arranging information in a discourse in a way to maximise understanding.

88
Q

What is formatting?

A

The visual features of text.

89
Q

What is consitency (coherence)

A

When similar concepts or entities are referred to in the same way throughout the text, without unnecessary variations.

90
Q

What is conventions (coherence)?

A

Established rules and expectations for how certain types of texts are structures, organised or presented.

91
Q

What are the features of spoken discourse?

A

Openings
Closings
Adjacency Pairs
Minimal responses
Overlapping speech
Discourse particles
Non-fluency features

92
Q

What are openings?

A

Where speakers establish contect and introduce the topic or purpose.

93
Q

What are closings?

A

Occur in the final phase of discourse, where speakers signal the ending of the discourse.

94
Q

What are adjacency pairs?

A

Sequentially linked utternaces or turns in a conversation where one speech is followed by an expected response.

95
Q

What are minimal responses?

A

Are brief replies in a conversation that acknowledge and encourage another speaker.

96
Q

What is overlapping speech?

A

Where two or more participants in a conversation speak simultaneously.

97
Q

What are discourse particles?

A

Elements that do not carry and semantic meaning on their own, but play a role in organising communication, managing interactiosn and indicating speaker intention.

98
Q

What are non-fluency features

A

Aspects of discourse that reduce its cohesion.
These include:
Pauses
Filled Pauses
Voiced hesitations
False starts
Repetition
Repairs

99
Q

What are the strategies in spoken discourse?

A

Help speakers acheive successful communication.
These include:
Topic management
Turn-taking
Management of repair sequences
Code Switching

100
Q

What is topic management?

A

Refers to the methods speakers use to manage a topic within a conversaton or monologue.

101
Q

What is turn-taking?

A

Refers to the methods by which speakers alternate turns when talking.

102
Q

What is the management of repair sequences.

A

Refers to the processes by which speakers identify and correct communication.

103
Q

What is code switching?

A

When a speaker switches between two or more langauges in a single interaction or text.

104
Q

What is politeness?

A

Refers to the language chouces that show consideration towards others.

105
Q

What is postive politeness?

A

Refers to the strategies we use to create and maintain social harmony.

106
Q

What is negative politeness?

A

Focueses on reducing the imposition placed on the listener.

107
Q

What is face?

A

Used to describe the aspect of the listener that is being acknowledged through the use of politeness strategies.

108
Q

What are face-threatening acts?

A

Is communication that may pose a threat to an individual’s positive or negative face.

109
Q

What is semantic patterning?

A

Involves the organisation and arrangement of meanings or concepts within a text.
Includes:
Figurative language
Irony
Metaphor
Oxymoron
Simile
Hyperbole
Personification
Animation
Lexical Ambiguity
Puns

110
Q

What is figurative language?

A

Includes word or expressions that deviate from their literal or ordinary meanings to create a more vivid or expressive effect.

111
Q

What is irony?

A

When a speaker or writer states one thing but means another.

112
Q

What is a metaphor?

A

Uses on semantic domain to help explain another.

113
Q

What is an oxymoron?

A

Created when contradictory words or phrases are used in combination to create a contrasting effect.

114
Q

What is a simile?

A

Compares elements using like or as to highlight their similarities.

115
Q

What is a hyperbole?

A

A figure of speech that involves exaggerated statements or claims that are not meant to be taken literally.

116
Q

What is personification?

A

A pattern that attributes human qualities to inanimate objects.

117
Q

What is animation?

A

The technique of bringing inanimate objects or fictional characters to life.

118
Q

What is lexical ambiguity?

A

Refers to the existence of two or more possible meanings within a single word.

119
Q

What are puns?

A

A form of lexical ambiguity that exploits multiple meanings for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect.

120
Q

What are idioms?

A

Commonly used phrases which have a non-literal meaning.

121
Q

What are Denotations?

A

The literal meaning of a word

122
Q

What is a connotation?

A

The set of associations and values that are attributed to a word overtime.

123
Q

What is a euphemism?

A

Words or phrases that are used in place of a particularly blunt word or phrase.

124
Q

What are dysphemisms?

A

Are words or phrases that are used o magnify a particularly blunt or taboo word or phrase.

English Language (8 decks)

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