English Language Year 11 Metalanguage Flashcards
What is morphology?
The study of words and their parts.
What are morphemes?
The smallest unit of meaning within a word.
What is affixation?
The use of affixes to create new words (neologisms).
What is abbreviation?
Shortened forms of words or phrases.
They include shortenings, initialisms and acronyms.
What is shortening?
The abbreviation of the word by reducing its length.
What is compounding?
The process of joining of combining two or more words to create a single word.
What is blending?
Refers to the process of combining two or more words, where at least one word has undergone a form of abbreviation.
What is backformation?
The process of creating a new word by removing what is falsely perceived to be an affix from an existing word.
What is conversion of word class?
Involves changing the class or role of a word, without changing its morphology.
What is initialism?
A form of abbreviation formed by taking the first letters of words in a string of words pronouncing them as letters.
What is an acronym?
A form of abbreviation, formed by taking the first letter of each word and pronouncing them as a whole word.
What is a contraction?
A word formed by removing some letters from words and marking the missing letters with an apostrophe.
What is lexicology?
The study of words and how they behave within a language.
What are nouns?
Words that name places, people things etc.
What are pronouns?
Replace nouns and noun phrases within a sentence.
What are verbs?
They express actions, states or occurences
What are auxiliary verbs?
They support the main verbs of a sentence.
What are modal verbs
Auxliary verbs that express possibility, ability, intent of an action occuring.
What are adjectives?
They describe or modify nouns and pronouns.
What are adverbs?
Modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs or entire sentences. They provide information about time, place, manner, frequency, degree and cause and effect.
What are prepostions?
Are words used beofre nouns, pronounss or phrases to indicate direction, time, place, location and spatial relationships.
What are coordinators?
They link words, phrases or clauses. (FANBOYS)
What are subordinators?
They introduce subordinate clauses and link them to main clauses.
What are determiners?
Words that are placed in front of nouns to help clarify he noun, specify quantity or indictae possession.
What are interjections?
Words or phrases that express emotion and sometimes requests.
What are neologisms?
A newly coined word or expression.
What are borrowings?
Words that have been adopted from one language into another.
What are comonisations?
Refers to the process by which proper nouns become common nouns.
What are nominalisations?
When words are changed into nouns.
What is syntax?
The study of how words are ordered into phrases, clauses and sentences
What are phrases?
A group of words that acts as a single unit within a sentence but does not include both a subject and a predicate.
What are clauses?
A group of words that contain both a subject and a predicate. Can also contain objects, complements and adverbials.
What is subject?
The person, place, thing or idea that is performing the action or performing the idea.
What is a predicate?
Part of the clause that tells us what the object is doing, or what is being done to the subject. Includes a main verb and its modifiers/
What is an object?
The entity that is affected by the action of the subject.
What is a complement?
A word or group of words that completes the meaning of a predicate.
What are adverbials?
A word, phrase or clause thay provides extra information about a verb.
What is a sentence?
A set of words that expresses a complete thought. Consists of a subject and a predicate.
What are the four sentence types?
Declarative
Imperative
Exclamative
Interrogative
What are the four sentence structures?
Single sentences
Compound sentences
Complex sentences
Compoun-Complex sentences.
What is discourse?
Refers to written or spoken texts that are longer than a sentence.
What is pragmatics?
The study of how language is used within a given context, and how context contribute to meaning.
What are vocal effects?
They are variations in voice that convey information or emotion. They include whispers and laughter.
What is non-verbal communication?
Are aspects of body language that contribute to meaning in communication. Includes gestures, facial expressions and eye contact.
What is creakiness?
A low vibration of the vocal cords.
What is breathiness?
The quality of voice when the presence of breath is noticable
What is semantics?
Involves the study of meaning in communication.
What is semantic domains?
Refers to a specific area of meaning and the set of words and expressions that have related meanings or cover the relevant subject matter.
What is inference?
The process of drawing a logical conclusion from one or more statements or facts, using existing knowledge.
What is phonetics and phonology?
The study of how we make speech sounds and its patterns that form within a language.
What is assimilation?
When a speech sound changes to become more like a neighbouring sound.
What is vowel reduction?
In unstressed syllables, vowels often become less distinct and are typically reduced to a schwa.
What is elision?
The omission of a sound.
What is insertion?
The addition of sounds
What are the prosodic features?
Stress
Pitch
Intontation
Tempo
Volumne
What is phonological patterning?
Refers to a set of phonological features in written and spoken texts.
The include alliteration, assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia, rhythm and rhyme.
What is alliteration?
The repetition of phonemes at the beginning of words in a phrase.
What is assonance?
The repetition of vowel phonemes across phrases
What is consonance?
Refers to the repetition of consonant phonemes
What is onomatopoeia?
The process by whic evocative words are created from the sounds they represent.
What is rhyme?
Refers to the repetition of similar phonemes at the ends of two or more words.
What is rhythm?
Created when the intonation of a set of words is repeated across two or more phrases
What is active voice?
Where the subject of a verb performs an action.
What is passive voice?
Where the subject receives the action.
What is agentless passive?
Where the agent is omitted from passive voice.
What is syntactic patterning
Employed to support a function or purpose creating memorable pieces of texts.
Includes parallelism, antihesis and listing.
What is parallelism?
The repetition of grammatical structures two or more times in succession.
What is antihesis?
The presentation of two contrasting ideas near one another in parallel structures.
What is listing?
Used to present a series of related ideas, items or elements in similar grammatical form.
What is cohesion?
Refers to the way we use grammtica and lexicla techniques to link words together to create meaning.
Aspects of cohesion are:
Lexical choice
Ellipsis
Repetition
Substitution
Collocation
Adverbials
Conjunctions
Information Flow
Reference
What is synonymy?
Refers to using pairs or groups of words that are equivalent or very similar in meaning.
What is antonymy?
The relationship of words that are opposite in meaning.
What is an hyponym?
A word that belongs to a larger category of terms which is called a hypernym.
What is ellipsis?
The omission of words or phrases.
What is repetiton?
Refers to using the same word througout a text to reiterate an idea or topic.
What is substitution?
Occurs when alternative words, phrases or cluases are used in place of the original
What is collocation?
Refers to words that typically appear next to or very neat each other in texts.
What is information flow?
Refers to how speakers covey meaning by organising an sequencing their langauge to effectively communciate with their intended audience.
What is front focus?
Occurs when a speaker or writer places new information at the front of a sentence.
What is clefting?
Refers to the modification of syntax of a sentence to emphasise a particular element.
What is end focus?
When speakers or writers place new information at the end of a sentence or clause.
What is reference?
Occurs when we use an expression to refer to another word, prhase or clause.
Includes anaphoric, cataphoric and deitic reference.
What is anaphoric reference?
When an author refers to something that has been previously mentioned in a conversation.
What is cataphoric reference?
When an author or speaker uses an referring expression to refer to something that will be mentioned later in the discourse.
What is deictic reference?
An expression used in relation to the speaker, listener or context of the communication.
What is coherence?
The logical and meaningful organisation of a text.
Aspects of coherence include:
Cohesion
Inference
Logical Ordering
Formatting
Consistency
Conventions
What is logical ordering?
Arranging information in a discourse in a way to maximise understanding.
What is formatting?
The visual features of text.
What is consitency (coherence)
When similar concepts or entities are referred to in the same way throughout the text, without unnecessary variations.
What is conventions (coherence)?
Established rules and expectations for how certain types of texts are structures, organised or presented.
What are the features of spoken discourse?
Openings
Closings
Adjacency Pairs
Minimal responses
Overlapping speech
Discourse particles
Non-fluency features
What are openings?
Where speakers establish contect and introduce the topic or purpose.
What are closings?
Occur in the final phase of discourse, where speakers signal the ending of the discourse.
What are adjacency pairs?
Sequentially linked utternaces or turns in a conversation where one speech is followed by an expected response.
What are minimal responses?
Are brief replies in a conversation that acknowledge and encourage another speaker.
What is overlapping speech?
Where two or more participants in a conversation speak simultaneously.
What are discourse particles?
Elements that do not carry and semantic meaning on their own, but play a role in organising communication, managing interactiosn and indicating speaker intention.
What are non-fluency features
Aspects of discourse that reduce its cohesion.
These include:
Pauses
Filled Pauses
Voiced hesitations
False starts
Repetition
Repairs
What are the strategies in spoken discourse?
Help speakers acheive successful communication.
These include:
Topic management
Turn-taking
Management of repair sequences
Code Switching
What is topic management?
Refers to the methods speakers use to manage a topic within a conversaton or monologue.
What is turn-taking?
Refers to the methods by which speakers alternate turns when talking.
What is the management of repair sequences.
Refers to the processes by which speakers identify and correct communication.
What is code switching?
When a speaker switches between two or more langauges in a single interaction or text.
What is politeness?
Refers to the language chouces that show consideration towards others.
What is postive politeness?
Refers to the strategies we use to create and maintain social harmony.
What is negative politeness?
Focueses on reducing the imposition placed on the listener.
What is face?
Used to describe the aspect of the listener that is being acknowledged through the use of politeness strategies.
What are face-threatening acts?
Is communication that may pose a threat to an individual’s positive or negative face.
What is semantic patterning?
Involves the organisation and arrangement of meanings or concepts within a text.
Includes:
Figurative language
Irony
Metaphor
Oxymoron
Simile
Hyperbole
Personification
Animation
Lexical Ambiguity
Puns
What is figurative language?
Includes word or expressions that deviate from their literal or ordinary meanings to create a more vivid or expressive effect.
What is irony?
When a speaker or writer states one thing but means another.
What is a metaphor?
Uses on semantic domain to help explain another.
What is an oxymoron?
Created when contradictory words or phrases are used in combination to create a contrasting effect.
What is a simile?
Compares elements using like or as to highlight their similarities.
What is a hyperbole?
A figure of speech that involves exaggerated statements or claims that are not meant to be taken literally.
What is personification?
A pattern that attributes human qualities to inanimate objects.
What is animation?
The technique of bringing inanimate objects or fictional characters to life.
What is lexical ambiguity?
Refers to the existence of two or more possible meanings within a single word.
What are puns?
A form of lexical ambiguity that exploits multiple meanings for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect.
What are idioms?
Commonly used phrases which have a non-literal meaning.
What are Denotations?
The literal meaning of a word
What is a connotation?
The set of associations and values that are attributed to a word overtime.
What is a euphemism?
Words or phrases that are used in place of a particularly blunt word or phrase.
What are dysphemisms?
Are words or phrases that are used o magnify a particularly blunt or taboo word or phrase.
