English Language AOS1 (Informal) Flashcards
What are the features of informal language?
Subsystem patterning
Colloquial language
Slang
Taboo Language
Dysphemism
Swearing
Emoticons, emojis and context-specific graphemes.
What is subsystem patterning?
Reveals the underlying structure and creativity of everyday communication.
Uses for an inventive and playful effect
List all phonological patterns
Alliteration
Assonance
Consonance
Onomatopoeia
Rhythm
Rhyme
What is Morphological Patterns
Affixation
Abbreviation
Shortening
Blending
Backformation
Conversion of word class
Initialism
Acronym
Contraction
What are some sytactic patterns?
Antihesis, listing and parallelism
What are some features of semantic patterns?
Figurative language, irony, metaphor, oxymoron, simile, hyperbole, personification, animation, puns and lexical ambiguity
What is the function of phonological patterns?
They can add emphasis or make texts more memorable and engaging.
What is the purpose of morphological patterns?
They can make speech and writing more efficient. Can be specific to certain communities, helping to support in-group membership
What is the purpose of syntactic patterns?
Used to add dramatic effect or humour, make a statement seem more pursuasive, make a certain point, create rhythm. Listing can be used for effiiciency.
What is the purpose of semantic patterns?
These can add nuance and depth,often through expressing humour or sarcasm. More engaging by being creative. It helps contribute to cohesion and coherence. Some can be culturaly specific
What is colloquial language?
A flexible and dynamic form of expression that captures the informal style used in everyday speech. It can include region-specific language.
What are some features of colloquial language.
Connected speech processes, Idomatic expressions, contraction, abbreviation, informal syntax, ellipsis, regionally specific language, shortening of names
How does connected speech processes link to colloquial language?
The lexical choices are spelt as if they are wrong.
What makes idiomatic expressions informal?
These have figurative meaning that is often not translatable by speakers from different cultures or linguistic backgrounds
What makes contraction informal?
In texts, these can be considered informal since it involves adding an apostrophe. In spoken contexts, register can vary.
What makes abbreviation informal?
A shortened version of the word.
What makes ellipsis informal?
The omission of words or phrases, when there is sharred knowledge and context between participants.
What is slang?
Newly coined words and phrases that are regarded as very informal. They differ from colloquialisms as they are less universally accepted.
What is taboo language?
Consists of words, phrases and expressionns that are considered or culturally inappropriate within a particular community or context.
What are dysphemisms?
The use of words or expressions that are intentionally harsh to describe a particular person, group or concept.
What is swearing?
The use of socially inappropriate language.
What are emoticons?
Visual representations
What are emojis?
They are pictorial symbols or icons used to represent various emotions, objects, activities and concepts in digitial communication.
What are context-specific graphemes?
Allow us to communicate with more depth in a written text.
What are some purposes and intents of informal language?
Intimacy, solidarity, equality, promoting social harmony, negotiating social taboos, building rapport, supporting in-group membership, promoting linguistic innovation,
How is intimacy used to contribute to the informality?
The use of colloquialisms, slang establish familarity.
Names and pronouns create this shared closeness.
Language that holds emotive functions like emojis, exclamtions and interjections, provide a direct and expressive way of communicating feelings.
How can solidarity be used to influence the informality?
Expressions of mutual support can foster a strong sense of unity.
Region/community specific language can also help y drawing on shared knowledge.
The use of collective nouns.
Languages with emotive functions
How can equality influence the informality of a discourse?
Colloquial language and slang, as they don’t differentiate between classes and help create a more relaxed atmosphere.
Pronouns, often paired with possessive determiners
Casual and interrogatives invite for contribution
Formal titles are replaces with names
The practice of cooperative turn-taking in conversation
What is postive politeness?
Language strategies that reflect how another person is valued and postiviely regarded by others.
What is negative politeness?
Language strategies that respect another individual’s ability to act autonomously and reduce constraints on their freedom.
What are some aspects of positive politeness?
Emphasising similarities
Showing interest
Using humour
Offering compliments
Using inclusive language
What are some aspects of negative politeness strateiges
Hedging
Being indirect and ambigious
Using low modality verbs
Apologising
Applying other mitigating strategies.
How is promoting social harmony considered informal?
Nicknames
Politeness strategies
How can negotiating social taboos influence the informality of the text
Indirect language
Hedging
Slang
Humour
Linguistic innovation
How can building rapport influence the informality of a discourse.
Colloquialisms, slang, swearing, emojis.
How can supporting in-group membership influence the informality of a discourse?
Specific slang
Nicknames
Jokes
Context-specific graphemes
Close social distance
What is linguistic innovation?
Refers to the manipulation of language to create variations of language features, creating new words, phrases.
How can informal settings encourage users to use linguistic innovation?
The nature of informal language encourages people to be more playful with langauge.
What are the features of spoken discourse in informal texts?
Openings
Closings
Adjacency Pairs
Minimal responses
Overlapping speech
Discourse particles
Non-fluency features
What are openings?
How speakers begin a conversation.
Allow for dynamic conversation with fewer constraints.
What are closings?
How speakers signal that the conversation is ending.
What are adjacency pairs?
Sets of phrases that come one after the other.
Usually consist of questions and answers, or greetings and responses.
Often help build with rapport between participants.
Can help repiar any issues that may have arisen in the conversation.
What are minimal responses?
Are short utterances to acknowledge the speaker without taking the floor.
They show active engagment by keeping the conversation flow
What is overlapping speech?
Occurs when multiple participants speak at the same time.
Reduced social distance
Used to indicate excitment or agreement.
Disrupting the communication
What is discourse particles?
Are lingustic units that speakers use to orgranise and maintain the flow of conversation, but hold little meaning.
What are non-fluency features?
Are linguistic features which impact on a text’s clarity, like pauses, false starts repetition and repairs.
They singla lack of planning and preparedness.
What are some discourse strateigies and cooperation in informal texts?
Topic management
Turn-taking
Management of repair sequences
Code switching
What are the factors that contribute to a text’s cohesion informal texts
Lexical choice
Collocation
Information Flow
Referencing
Repetition
Substitution
Ellipsis
Conjunctions
Adverbials
How is lexical choice presents cohesion in informal texts.
Antonymy
Hyponymy
Hypernymy
Slang
Colloquial Language
How does collocation contribute to cohesion in informal texts
By employing informal collocations such as idioms and fixed phrases
How does information flow contribute to the cohesion of an informal text?
The flexible and variable exchanging of information, due to the spontaneous nature of informal communication.
How does referencing contribute to the cohesion of an informal language.
Personal pronouns and demonstrative being used anaphorically and deitically/
Cataphoric referencing as a repair
How does repetition contribute to the cohesion of an informal text?
To sustain a man point or arguement, or unintentionally used as a result of spontaneous speech
How does substitution contribute to the cohesion of an informal text?
Substitution of pronouns such as ‘one’ or ‘some’ for noun phrases to avoid repetition.
How does ellipsis contribute to the cohesion of an informal text?
To avoid repetiton.
How does conjucntions contribute to the cohesion of an informal text.
May be used to begin sentences which is avoided in more formal writing.
How does adverbials contribute to the cohesion of an informal text?
Used to link relevant information together, improving clarity and flow for an audience.
What are the factors to a text’s coherence in informal texts?
Cohesion
Inference
Logical Ordering
Formatting
Consistency
Conventions
How does inference contribute to the coherence of an informal text.
It assumes for the audience to infer meaning.
Greater use of slang, idomatic expressions and cultural expressions
How does logical patterning contribute to the coherence of an informal text.
A more conversational structure in the ordering of information.
How does formatting contribute to the coherence of an informal text?
By using less conventiona formatting, like dot points, playful colours and fonts etc.
How doe consistency contribute to the coherence of an informal language
More flexible in tense, sentence structures and morphological features.
How does conventions contribute to the coherence of an informal text?
Reduced rigdity and flexible rules.
