English in the 21st Century Flashcards
Abbreviation is the _____ of words, and an example of this is?
Shortening
EG = Exempli Gratia
Acroynms are words which have been ____ but can be said as a normal word
EG: NATO / NASA
Abbreviated
On certain platforms like Twitter, typing features such as ? are
not available so what is used instead to emphasise words or
indicate _____ features?
EG: *coughs*
Italics/bold
Asterisk
Paralinguistic Features
What it is called when TWO words are blended together to create a new word?
EG: ___ is a blend of the nouns ‘Breakfast’ & ‘Lunch’
Blending
Brunch
A Blog is a regularly ____ website usually run by one person or ?
It is written in an informal / c___ style
Updated
Small group
Conversational
What is a Closing Token?
The final clause in a piece of writing/discourse
EG:‘Bye’ or ‘Thanks for reading’
Any human interaction that occurs via __ or more electronic devices is called?
D.M.C
Two
Digitally Mediated Communication
Which descriptivist theorist argued that language change is
natural & inevitable due to ____ in communication and the
proliferation {rapid increase} of social media?
David Crystal
Evolution
Descriptivism is the recognition that language is ___ and has always been in a state of flux & development
Diverse
Duplicated punctuation includes things like ?
It is used to indicate tenor or a writer’s ___/attitude towards a given topic
??? or !!!
Reaction
The Economy Principle is the notion that the ___ of D.M.C
often necessitates/ allows b____
- The most common length of a tweet is ?
Users are so accustomed to being __ that the increase in length in ___ had little impact
Immediacy
Brevity
33 characters
Brief
2017
Elision is the omission of one or more ___ from a word
EG:‘gonna’ as opposed to?
Letters
‘Going to’
Ellipses is the omission of ___ words for the speed & brevity of communication
EG:‘Going Saturday?’
Function
When vowels or consonants are elongated for emphasis, s__or to create a speficic tenor this is called?
Stress
Elongation of vowels/consonants
An Emoticon/Emoji is a ___ representation of a feeling which can ?
Sometimes people use standard punctuation marks to replace emojis - like :) which is seen as ‘retro’
They are not accepted in what contexts?
Facial
Replace words
Formal contexts
A Hashtag is also known as ?
These are used when discussing a ___ topic and allows for a topic to be found easily on platforms like?
Octothorpe
Popular
A Hyperlink is some text/g__ in an electronic document that
can be activated to open another document or trigger what?
Graphic
An action
Initialism is an abbreviation which has to be said in what way?
EG: IKR or IRL
By its individual letters rather than 1 word
The more widespread use of high frequency ___ to create a
more colloquial register in DMC is called?
Lexis
Informalisation
An Interjection is used to express emotion or sudden ?
They can express a wide variety of emotions such as: excitement, joy, surprise or ___
EG:‘Wow!’
Bursts of feelings
Disgust
James Milroy asserts that there’s no such thing as?
‘Golden age of English Language’
Which desriptivist criticised the concepts of the ‘Crumbling Castle’ , ‘Damp Spoon’ & ‘Infectious Disease’ ?
Damp Spoon: using incorrect English is ___ & lazy
Infectious Disease: use of incorrect English is spreading due to the rise of ? & modern technology
Jean Aitchison
Ill-mannered
Social Media
A Keyboard Smash is internt slang for a random & ___ string
of characters produced by doing what?
It can be used to indicate frustration or ?
Unintelligible
Smashing a keyboard
Confusion
A character or symbol that represents a word/phrase is known as?
EG: the ampersand (&)
Logogram
If something is described as ‘Meme-Like’ it resembles the
register/tone of a meme but without what?
The accompanying visual
What do MUBE and MLE stand for?
Contains clipped nouns such as?
MUBE = Multicultural Urban British English
MLE = Multicultural London English
Bro/Fam/Paigon
A way to describe the conversational nature of DMC whilst
recognsing that it’s still essentially written is?
Multimodal
A Neologism is a word/phrase that has recently been coined
They can be a product of processes such as?
{C.B.A}
- Compounding - ‘doomscrolling’
- Blending - ‘covidiot’
- Affixation - ‘happyish’
Given the detached/anonymous nature of DMC we see the losing of which rules?
Bascially, people say things online that they wouldn’t say in person
This is known as?
Rules of social conduct that apply face-to-face
Online Disinhibition
The Onomatopoeic representation of laughter is ?
‘Hahaha’
Orthographical Errors are mistakes in ___ that can be due to autocorrect or lack of?
They can also be designed to reflect ___ - ‘Kinda’
Spelling
Proof reading
Pronounciation
If the Closing Token is the final clause, what is the Opening Token?
EG:‘Hi Louise’
The opening clause in a piece of writing/discourse
High frequency verbs which are informal and more typical of ___ discourse are known as?
EG:‘to make up’ as opposed to?
Spoken
Phrasal Verbs
‘To Invent’
Phonemic Representation/Deletion is when a ___ form of a
word is used & ___ is retained but NOT the orthography
EG:‘U instead of You’ or ‘R instead of Are’
Shortened
Sound
Prescriptivism: Belief that one variety of language is __ to others
There are clear or ‘___’ linguistic rules that should be followed * Might call this standard English
Prescriptivists would argue that language is now in a state of?
Superior
Correct
Decline
The typical reduction in punctuation found in many areas of DMC is called?
Includes omission of commas,apostrophes, capital letters etc
Reduced Punctuation
Synthetic Personalisation:
- Identified by ?
- Is a way to effectively address/engage a wide audience by more individual or ___ language use
EG: Adopting a ___ tenor/ using a vocative in an email
Fairclough
Personal
Friendly
Vlog is an example of which neologistic process?
A Vlog is a website/ account where a person regularly posts what?
Blend - Video/Blog
Short Videos
Vocative is a word/phrase that addresses the reader/listener
___ usually in the form of a ? or a term of endearment
Directly
Personal Title
