English CH 8 Flashcards
List and explain each the discourse features
- Opening greetings - to help ease in to the conversation, accompanied with body gestures
- Turn taking - the cooperation between participants in a conversation, understanding when to jump in or overlap, interruption may be considered rude or purposeful in an argument
- Adjacency pair - statement and response
- Clashing - when two people talk at the same time
- Conversational floor - whoever is speaking holds the conversational floor
- Repairing - fixing a mistake in a conversation or acknowledging
- Topic shift - helps the flow of conversation, move along
- Conversational endings - standard phrases with some intention
Define and list paralinguistic features with examples
Unspoken elements of communication
1. Verbal response; yeah, okay
2. Back channeling: mm, oo
3. Non-verbal response: facial expressions like smiling and body gestures
4. Pauses: indicating unease, tensions or simply to think of what to say
5. Vocal expressions: sighing, giggling, tutting
List and explain each Prosodic features
- Tone - relate to the emotions associated with the utterances
- Pitch - whether the voice is high or low, also associated with emotions
- Volume - level of voice production, changes within circumstances
- Speed - pace in which someone is speaking, changes within circumstances
List features of unscripted language
Adverb, back channeling, contraction, deixis, fixed exp, false start, discourse markers, ellision, ellipsis, non standard English, non fluency features, phatic communication, hedges of vague expressions, modality, metalangauge, repetition, tag questions, vague expression
What is phonetic and phoneme?
Phonetic is the study of language sound, record the sound of speaker according to a set of standard phoneme (the smallest unit of distinguishable sound)
Define restricted and elaborated code
Restricted code - language which assumes shared understanding amongst speakers, limited and generally has a limited range of lexis and syntax construction, used amongst members of close knit community like a family
Elaborated code - language that is used more broadly among society, it is usually more complete and complex in lexis and syntax
Explain the theory about Restricted and Elaborated code
Theory by bernstein about how low income neighborhoods shows a trend of lower scores in language based subjects. Economically disadvantaged children are not exposed to school and so they do not get to learn elaborated language used at school. Working class is more inclined to use restricted code. School uses elaborated language as it needs a broad understanding language that are used by different groups and usually has and school usually require new and exploratory ideas which cannot easily be presented by restricted code’s condensed form of language. He argued that children needs both restricted and elaborated code.
List and explain the functions of Language by Halliday
- Instrumental - used to fulfill needs
- Regulatory - used to command or persuade people to do what we want them to do
- Interactional - used to build personal relationships, concerning to phatic communication and to get along with others
- Personal - express opinion, identity and feelings
- Representational - used to relay, exchange, or request information
- Heuristic - used to discover the world, learn to discover (questions)
- Imagination - langaugse used to explore imagination
Explain The Behaviourist theory
Theory by BF Skinner which argues that language is acquired through conditioning, a process whereby children imitates the sounds around them and receives praises or approval which encourages them to repeat and develop the language. It is supported by how we speak in language and accent we grow up with, so there is environmental influence. This theory is criticized by how children go through similar stage of language development, they produce their own utterances, they make virtuous errors.
Explain the LAD theory
Innate Language Competence is the theory by Noam Chomsky that arguehuman have the innate ability to learn language allowing children to develop language skills. Children have a universal language instinct, making them receptive over forms of language through out different languages. This is criticized by harry Ritchie as he said that neurology, genetics, and linguistics show no evidence of programming. Jerome bruner said this theory takes no account of the child’s social life, no evidence of grammar structure or language device in the brain, and children are rapid learners. Eric lenneberg also argued that LAD should be activated at a critical age, proven by feral children, for native language acquisition to occur.
Explain the LASS theory
By Jerome Bruner argues that help and support from caretakers helps children to acquire language and become sociable. Key points: LASS is most important from age 2-5 where language learning is most rapid, caretaker interact by talking to children which gives them lexis, preschool provide scaffold that support child language development as they interact with adults and become exposed to more situations
Explain the Cognitive theory
By Jean Piaget on how language development is from the result of development of cognitive development (the mental process of gaining knowledge and ability through though, senses and experience). Sensorimotor (0-2), preoperational (2-5), concrete operational (5-11/12), formal operational (11/12)
