Biological Molecules Ch.2 Flashcards
What is a polymer?
Repeating subunits of that are similar or identical to each other
What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?
Alpha glucose has the -OH group below the ring, while beta glucose has it above the ring.
What is hexose and mention three forms of it
Type of monosaccharide with 6 carbons. Glucose, fructose, sucrose.
Mention two functions of monosaccharide
Source of energy for respiration and building blocks for larger molecule like starch
What is maltose, sucrose, and lactose
Maltose: Glucose + glucose
Sucrose: Glucose + fructose
Lactose: Glucose + galactose
What type of bond is in disaccharides
Glycosidic bond
What test is used to test reducing sugar?
Benedict test
What test is used to test non-reducing sugar?
Add hydrochloric acid to break down the disaccharide into its two constituents, then add benedict solution after the acid is neutralized.
What is polysaccharide
A polymer whose subunits are monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds
Explan the differences of starch, glycogen and cellulose
These three are common forms of polysaccharides. Starch and glycogen are made out of only alpha glucose. Starch only has 1,4 link alpha glucose, while glycogen has 1,4 and 1,6 link alpha glucose. Starch comes in the form of cylinder as it curves, while glycogen branch out. Cellulose are made out of beta glucose. One of it is 180 degree rotated to form 1,4 link.
Explain why sugar is soluble in water.
Sugar is polar, which means that it has dipole groups that have unequal distribution of electrons, causing attraction on delta-charged atoms. Water molecules are also dipoles attracting sugar.
What test is used to test starch?
Use iodine solution forming blue black color
What are lipids?
Organic molecule insoluble in water made out of fatty acids and alcohol.
What is triglycerides and its function
Three fatty acids combined with glycerol, forming three ester link. Store of energy as fat in animals, and as oil in plants
How is phospholipid a special form of lipid?
One of the fatty acid is replaced with a phosphate which is hydrophilic, polar. Forms a phosphate head and is significant for membrane.
What is the test for protein
Biuret test with sodium hydroxide and hydrate copper (II) sulfate, changes the color to purple
What are the groups found in a protein
NH2, COOH, H, and R
What is primary structure
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide/protein
What are two types of secondary structure and explain each
Alpha helix is a helical structure with hydrogen bonds, beta pleated sheet is a loos sheet like structure also with hydrogen bonds but within parallel polypeptide chains
What is tertiary structure
The compact structure of a protein resulting by the three-dimensional coiling of polypeptides
Mention four types of bonds found in tertiary structure of protein
Hydrogen bond, disulfide bond, ionic bond, hydrophobic interactions
What is quartenary structure, example?
Three dimensional structure of two or more polypeptides, or of polypeptide with a non-protein component, hemoglobin
Explain globular protein and example
A protein whose molecules are folded into a relatively spherical shape. Hemoglobin that’s hydrophobic inside hydrophilic outside, soluble in water. Made out of two alpha globin chains and two beta globin chains.
Explain fibrous protein and example
A protein whose molecules have a relatively long,thin structure that is generally insoluble and metabolically inactive. Made out of three polypeptide chains, wound around each other, form tight coil from glycine, forming fibrils, finally fibres.
