english around the world

Question 1

Bamboo English

Answer 1

• developed between Vietnamese and English soldiers during the Vietnam war so they could train with each other
• died out in 1985 but reappeared when ex-servicemen surfaced for holidays
  eg. Me Love You Longtime uses English words but not English grammar, and uses me as an object pronoun instead of a subject

Question 2

Schneider’s
Dynamic Model

Answer 2

Exonormative - after a country imposes themselves on another e.g. the British set up Trading posts in india, ambitious Indian people would learn English and measure themselves against the English of British colonisers
Endonormative - after Indian independence in 1947, Indian developed English as its own language e.g. using the present progressive instead of the simple present; they standardise their language from within their own country

Question 3

Braj Kachru’s
Three circles

Answer 3

The inner circle act as ‘norm providers’: England, Us, Australia
The outer circle is where English is an established second language, due to historical reasons: Nigeria, India South Africa - ‘norm-developing’
Outer circle have no cultural links to English, but recognise it as a foreign language and lingua franca - they are ‘norm dependent’: China, Japan, Russia

Question 4

Singlish

Answer 4

during English colonialisation, it became the official language and stayed that way for business
but, the local Singaporeans spoke a variety of dialects, English gained their influences
it is an important part of national identity and allows singaporeans to express humour ad sarcasm
‘lah’ at the end of sentences to emphasise a point