English Flashcards

1
Q

Simple sentence is made of

A

a subject and a verb

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2
Q

Compound sentence

A

Made of two independent clauses (complete sentences) connected by a coordinating conjunction

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3
Q

Coordinating conjunction

A

Connecting word such as “and”, “but”, “or”.

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4
Q

Comma is used _________ the conjunction

A

Before

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5
Q

When do you use a semicolon?

A

To connect two independent clauses without a connecting word

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6
Q

Conjunctive adverb

A

connects two independent clauses in a compound sentence.

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7
Q

Examples of conjunctive adverbs

A

However, therefore, otherwise,
Nevertheless.

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8
Q

Rules for semicolon and conjunctive adverbs

A

Semicolon will separate the two independent clauses, but a comma follows the conjunctive adverb.

The train arrived at six o’clock; however, Joe was five minutes late.

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9
Q

Complex sentence parts

A

independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.

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10
Q

Dependent clause parts and function

A

Has subject and a verb, but it doesn’t express a complete thought. Depends on the independent clause for meaning

The trains have been taking a lot longer to arrive
“…..since they added that new station.” Cannot stand alone as a sentence

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11
Q

When a dependent clause follows an independent clause it does not need any

A

Punctuation

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12
Q

When does a comma separate a dependent and independent clause?

A

When the dependent clause is at the beginning of the sentence

Since they added that new station, the trains have been taking a lot longer to arrive.

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13
Q

Usage of commas for introductory words phrases or clauses

A

After the introductory portion

Well, that was an interesting discussion!

If we want to arrive on time, we need to leave now.

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14
Q

Commas are used to separate non-essential elements such as a word, phrase, or clause that is not needed to understand the meaning of a sentence.

A

Go on either side. The “in my opinion “ is unnecessary
Laney is, in my opinion, the best doctor in this practice.

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15
Q

Comma usage for non-essential elements in the middle of a sentence

A

Commas are used on either side of the word, phrase, or clause.

Laney is, in my opinion, the best doctor in this practice

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16
Q

Comma usage for non-essential elements that may fall at the end of the sentence.

A

Before the non-essential portion.
Dr. Johnson is leaving at the end of the month, as you probably already know.

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17
Q

Serial comma aka Oxford Comma goes where?

A

Comma before the “and” in a series of items.

I need to pick up grapes, apples, and bananas at the grocery store

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18
Q

Many editors and publishers prefer to use the serial comma before the conjunction in a series, but

A

It is not necessary
Some have done away with this rule

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19
Q

Why is the lack of a serial comma before “and” in a list not an error?

A

Some have done away with the Oxford comma rule

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20
Q

Coordinate adjectives

A

Equal adjectives. They describe the same noun and are equally important. Make sense even if you use them in a different order when they have “and” between them
“Beautiful and sunny”
“gentle and patient”

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21
Q

Usage of commas for coordinate adjectives

A

comma goes between them
Cherries are healthy, delicious fruit with a lot of vitamins.

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22
Q

A comma is not used after a non-coordinate adjective, such as those showing quantity (e.g., two, many, most).

A

We had two beautiful, sunny days at the beach.

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23
Q

Usage of commas to separate cities and states, and cities and countries.

A

A comma is placed before and after the state or country.
Buenos Aires, Argentina, is known for its nightlife.

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24
Q

Usage of commas for dating.

A

Use after day number in full date, but not used between month and year.
Separates day from year in a date. When only a month is included, a comma is not needed.

My son was born on February 7, 2020.

My daughter was born in January 2021.

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25
Q

Quotation marks are used when

A

Used for direct quotations when the writer is quoting what someone else has said.

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26
Q

End marks when quoting

A

End marks are placed inside the closing quotation mark.

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27
Q

If the person who is being quoted is identified before the quotation, use a comma after the introductory clause and before the opening quotation mark. The spoken sentence will begin with a capital letter.

A

Anjali exclaimed, “It’s only 10 degrees outside! No wonder I’m freezing.”

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28
Q

If the quote comes before the phrase identifying the speaker, place a comma after the quote but before the closing quotation mark. Note that the comma takes the place of a period.

A

“I’ve always wanted to go to Greece,” Jana said.

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29
Q

If a quote ends in a question mark or exclamation mark, do not add a comma as well.

A

“How much money do you think this lamp costs?” Josie asked.

“I think it might be as much as $200!” Frank exclaimed.

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30
Q

Explain how to carry out split quotation correctly.

A

Split quotation is when the writer identifies the speaker between two parts of a quotation. The first part of the quote begins with a capital letter and ends with a comma before the closing quotation mark. The second part of the quote begins with a lowercase letter and ends with an end mark. Each part of the quote is enclosed with quotation marks, but the speaker identification is not.

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31
Q

Examples of split quotation

A

“You know,” said Harry, “this is probably the fifth time I’ve seen this episode.”

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32
Q

Indirect quotations

A

Reference to something someone said that does not repeat their exact words. Indirect quotations do not require quotation marks.

My best friend told me that this was his favorite movie.

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33
Q

How to correctly quote only part of what a person said.

A

Opening and closing quotation marks are used to identify the exact words the person said. When the words are part of a sentence and do not have an introductory phrase, there is no need to include a comma.

The movie critic said that the movie was “the best movie of the year.”

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34
Q

Simple sentence

A

Made of an independent clause

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35
Q

Parts of an independent clause

A

Subject, predicate (includes verb) and modifiers

Can stand on their own and are complete without adding any more words to them.

“The tiny kitten curled into a ball”

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36
Q

Subject

A

Main noun of a sentence that is doing or being

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37
Q

Predicate

A

Part of a sentence that explains what the subject does or is like.

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38
Q

Modifiers

A

Words that give information about other words in the sentence

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39
Q

Explain the parts in the following simple sentence:

The tiny kitten curled into a ball.

A

Modifiers: The tiny
Simple subject: kitten
Simple predicate: curled
Modifiers: into a ball.

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40
Q

Dependent clause starts with

A

Subordinating word and can’t stand alone as a sentence.

Ex:
Dependent clause: Although the tiny kitten slept the entire day,

Independent clause: at night she was ready for food.

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41
Q

Compound-complex sentences

A

Combination of a compound and a complex sentence.

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42
Q

Complex sentence

A

Sentence that contains an independent clause and a dependent clause.

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43
Q

Compound complex sentences have at least

A

Two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause

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44
Q

Example of a compound complex sentence

A

Dependent clause:Although the tiny kitten slept the entire day,

Independent clause: at night she was ready for food
Coordinating conjunction: and
Independent clause: she wandered into the kitchen to find some.

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45
Q

Pronouns definition

A

Take the place of nouns:she, he, they, we.

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46
Q

Verbs

A

Are action words: run, clutches, gasped

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47
Q

Adjectives

A

Describe or modify nouns: broken, ridiculous, devastating.

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48
Q

Adverbs

A

Describe or modify adjectives, verbs or other adverbs:easily, quickly, proudly

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49
Q

Prepositions

A

Describe the relationships between other words: before, into, onto, according to, since.

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50
Q

Conjunctions

A

Connecting words: and, so, but, not, for, yet.

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51
Q

Interjections

A

Represent short bursts of emotion: Hey! Aw! Hooray!

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52
Q

Simple subject

A

Noun in the sentence

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53
Q

Complete subject

A

The noun and all its complements and modifiers

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54
Q

Identify the simple subject and the complete subject in the following sentence
: The gracious host gave the guests gifts of appreciation at the end of the party.

A

Simple subject: host
Complete subject: the gracious host.

Article:the
Modifier: gracious

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55
Q

Article

A

Words (“a,” “an,” or “the”) that refer to a noun.

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56
Q

Simple predicate

A

Verb in a sentence

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57
Q

Complete predicate

A

Includes the verb and all its complements and modifiers

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58
Q

Identify the simple and complete predicates in the following sentence:
The gracious host gave the guests gifts of appreciation at the end of the party.

A

Simple predicate: gave

Complete predicate: “gave the guests gifts of appreciation at the end of the party.”

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59
Q

A predicate will often include

A

One or more objects or words that receive the action of the verb.

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60
Q

Direct object

A

Receives the action.

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61
Q

Find the direct and indirect objects in the following sentence:
The gracious host gave the guests gifts of appreciation at the end of the party.

A

Direct object: gifts.

Indirect object: the guests.

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62
Q

Indirect objects

A

People or things to whom or which something is done. The gifts of appreciation were given to the guests.

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63
Q

Complement

A

Completes the predicate in a sentence.

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64
Q

Object

A

Words that receive the action of the verb.

65
Q

Give an example of a sentence that contains complements instead of objects

A

The candidates seemed disappointed with the outcome.
Subject: “the candidates,”
Complete predicate: “seemed disappointed with the outcome”
Verb: “seemed”
Complement: “disappointed,”
prepositional phrase “with the outcome.”

66
Q

Prepositional phrase

A

Phrase that begins with a preposition and ends with an object

67
Q

Gerund

A

Derived from a verb but functions as a noun. Ends in ing. Walking, traveling, voting, seeing.

68
Q

Parts that a complete sentence must have

A

Subject
Predicate

69
Q

Tells what the subject is like or is doing

A

Predicate

70
Q

A predicate must contain a

A

Verb

71
Q

A complete sentence also expresses a

A

Complete thought

72
Q

Complete or incomplete:

Get lost!

A

Complete: subject is you verb is get

73
Q

Complete or incomplete:

The house stood abandoned for many years.

A

Complete.
Subject is the house and the predicate is what the subject does. The house “stood abandoned for many years.”

74
Q

Sentence fragment

A

Does not express a complete thought. A fragment is missing either subject or the verb.

Example:
Abandoned for many years.

This fragment is missing the subject

75
Q

Run on sentence

A

Has extra partsnot joined correctly. Missing conjunction or punctuation.

Ex:
The house stood abandoned for many years no one lived in it.

76
Q

How to fix a run-on sentence

A

1.Add the conjunction “and”
2. Place a semicolon in between the two independent clauses.
3. Break the run-on sentence into two complete sentences.

  1. Transition words
77
Q

Transition words

A

Essential in connecting ideas and clarifying the relationship between those ideas. Bridges between ideas

78
Q

Transition words are often found at

A

The beginning of sentences but they can occur within the sentence itself.
“Suddenly”
“Immediately”
“Although”
“Then again”

79
Q

Tense demonstrated by

A

Demonstrated by forms of verbs in sentences.
Another way to indicate time.

80
Q

Progressive tense

A

Is used when the events are incomplete or currently happening “is running”

81
Q

Perfect tense

A

Used to indicate that an action is complete or has already happened “has written”

82
Q

Subject-verb agreement

A

Subject and verb must agree. Both need to be singular or both need to be plural.

83
Q

Singular indefinite pronouns must take what kind of verbs?

A

Must take singular verbs
“Each,” “anybody,”
“everybody,”
“nothing”.

Everybody loves this movie.

84
Q

Plural indefinite pronouns

A

“Both,”
“few,”
“several.”
Must have plural verbs

85
Q

Pronoun antecedent agreement

A

Singular pronouns replace singular nouns
Plural pronouns replace plural nouns

86
Q

a-

A

Not

87
Q

Anti-

A

Against

88
Q

Dys-

A

Ill; bad; abnormal

89
Q

Hyper-

A

A lot; too much

90
Q

Hypo-

A

A little; not enough

91
Q

Inter-

A

Between; among

92
Q

Intra

A

Within

93
Q

Mid-

A

Middle

94
Q

Pre-

A

Before

95
Q

Non-

A

Not

96
Q

Sub-

A

Under;below

97
Q

Super

A

Above; beyond

98
Q

Supra

A

Above

99
Q

Un-

A

Not

100
Q

Hyphenation: prefixes before proper nouns or proper adjectives

A

Trans-Siberian Mid-American non-english
prefixes before proper nouns or proper adjectives

101
Q

Hyphenate all words beginning with

A

Self-
Ex-
All-

102
Q

Example of hyphenating when it adds clarity

A

Re-cover (cover again) vs. Recover (recuperate)

103
Q

-s,-es, -ies

A

Plural

104
Q

-ed

A

Past tense

105
Q

-ing

A

Progressive continuous

106
Q

-er

A

Comparative

107
Q

-est

A

Superlative

108
Q

Derivational suffixes

A

Suffixes that form new words when added to the stem.

109
Q

-tion
-ation

A

Indicating an action, state, or condition

110
Q

-ful

A

Full of

111
Q

-ic

A

Having the characteristics of

112
Q

-less

A

Without

113
Q

-ness

A

Indicating a state condition or quality

Happiness

114
Q

-logy
-ology

A

Branch of knowledge or science

115
Q

-ous

A

Full of

116
Q

Class-changing derivational suffixes

A

Derivational suffixes that change the part of speech

117
Q

Class-maintaining derivational suffixes

A

Derivational suffixes that do not change the part of speech

118
Q

Example of class-changing derivational suffix

A

-ize
-ly
Apology (noun)
Apologize(verb)

Easy(adjective)
Easily(adverb)

119
Q

Example of class-maintaining derivational suffix

A

-ist, -logy
Violin (noun)
Violinist (noun)

Cosmos (noun)
Cosmology (noun)

120
Q

-ise, -ize

A

Usually changes a noun into a verb
Real+ize= Realize

121
Q

-ly

A

Usually changes an adjective into an adverb
Happy
Happily

122
Q

-able, -ible

A

Usually changes a verb into an adjective

Love+able= loveable

123
Q

-like suffix action

A

Usually changes a noun into an adjective

124
Q

-ist

A

Class-maintaining retained in a noun.
Botany+ist= botanist

125
Q

-ology, -logy

A

Class-maintaining retained in a noun.
Mineral+ logy=mineralogy

126
Q

Inflectional suffix

A

Suffix added to indicate number, gender, or tense

127
Q

Inflectional suffix that changes a noun from singular to plural

A

-s

128
Q

-ed

A

Changes a verb to past tense
Inflectional suffix that changes tense

129
Q

Inflectional suffix that changes a verb to present tense

A

-ing

130
Q

-en

A

Inflectional suffix that changes a verb to past participle

131
Q

Compares two things such as tall and taller. Inflectional suffix

A

-er

132
Q

-est

A

Inflectional suffix that compares three or more things
Nice, nicer, nicest

133
Q

Derivational suffixes

A

Changes the meaning of a word and often changes it’s part of speech.

134
Q

Homograph

A

Two or more words that are spelled the same but don’t necessarily have the same meaning or pronunciation
“Let’s go through the main entrance.”

“The beautiful flowers were meant to entrance the guests.”

135
Q

T/f: a semicolon should not be used before a dependent clause

A

True

136
Q

Drop the final “_”

A

e

137
Q

“i” goes before “_”

A

e

138
Q

Change the final “y” to “_” doubling a final consonant

A

i

139
Q

identify common words that are exceptions to common rules for English spelling

A

Receive
Vein
Height
Protein
Neither

140
Q

Exceptions for I before e

A

“I” before “e” except after “c” or when sounding like “a” as in “neighbor” and “weigh”

141
Q

When adding a suffix to a word ending in “e”, you need to drop the e if the suffix begins with

A

A vowel

Ex: ride+ing= riding

142
Q

Exceptions to dropping the e rule

A

words ending in -ce or -ge
Duly
Peaceable
Truly

143
Q

What to do if Suffix beginning with a consonant
Like+ly=likely

A

Don’t drop final e
In this case you don’t drop the final e because the suffix begins with a consonant.

144
Q

Suffix beginning with a vowel
Hide+ing=hiding

A

Suffix starts with a vowel, therefore the final e is dropped

145
Q

When do you double the consonant?

A

root that that ends in a single consonant & if a single vowel comes before the final consonant and the consonant ends on an accented syllable or is a one syllable rule

146
Q

When do you double the final consonant?

A

When root ends in (vowel)+single consonant, double the consonant if a single vowel comes before the final consonant and the consonant ends on an accented syllable or is a one-syllable word.

147
Q

Exceptions to doubling the final consonant

A

Traveling, canceled, travelling, cancelled
Both correct

When in doubt follow the rule

148
Q

When do you change the final y to I?

A

When the word ends in (consonant)Y , unless the suffix starts with i
and you add a suffix to a word ending in “y” preceded by a consonant, you change the “y” to “I” unless the suffix begins with “i”

149
Q

Homographs

A

Words that are spelled the same such as “bass” and “bass,” but have different meanings and may be pronounced differently.

150
Q

Words that sound the same such as “knew” and “new,” but have different meanings.

A

Homophones

151
Q

Beauty+ful=beautiful
Change final y to I because

A

There is a consonant before y

152
Q

Annoy+ance= annoyance
do not change the y to I because

A

There is a vowel before y.

153
Q

Why is allowed a homophone?

A

Because it sounds like aloud.

154
Q

Homophone

A

Same pronunciation, different meanings

155
Q

Traceable is an exception to which spelling rule?

A

Exception to dropping final e rule. Usually, final e is dropped when you add a suffix that starts with a vowel

156
Q

Homograph

A

Spelled the same but can have different pronunciations and meanings

157
Q

Proper nouns

A

noun that names a specific person, place, or thing, and is always capitalized in English

158
Q

Colloquialism

A

Word or phrase that is not formal or literary typically used in ordinary or familiar conversation.