ENGLISH Flashcards
1
Q
— Used generally in very formal setting.
— Most formal communicative style for respectful situation
— Does not require any feedback from the audience
— Usually uses long sentences with good grammar and vocabulary
— The use of language is fixed and relatively static
Examples:
national pledge, anthem, school creeds,
marriage ceremonies, speech for a state ceremo
A
FROZEN STYLE
2
Q
- Used in speaking to medium to large groups
- May also be used in single hearers- strangers, older persons, professional
- Speaker must frame whole sentences ahead before they are delivered
- Avoids using slang terminologies
language is comparatively rigid and has a set, agreed upon vocabulary that is well documented;
is often of a standard variety.
Examples:
meetings, speeches, school lessons, court, a corporate meeting, at a swearing in ceremony, in
an interview or in a classroom
A
FORMAL STYLE
3
Q
- Used in semi-formal communication
- Happens in two-way participation
- Most operational among other styles
- Speaker does not usually plan what he wants to say
- Sentences end to be shorter and spontaneous
Examples:
regular conversation at schools, companies, group discussion,
teacher-student, doctor-patient, expert-apprentice
A
CONSULTATIVE STYLE
4
Q
- Language used between friends
- Often very relaxed and focused on just getting the information out
- Slangs are quite often used in these instances
- This style is used in informal situations and language
- Relationship between speaker and hearer is closed.
Examples:
casual conversations with friends, family members, chats, phone calls and messages
A
CASUAL STYLE
5
Q
- Completely private language used within family of very close friends or group
- Uses personal language codes
- Grammar is unnecessary
- Does not need complete language
- Certain terms of endearment, slangs or expressions whose meaning is shared with a small
subset of persons to person
A
INTIMATE STYLE
6
Q
The general purpose of any speech will be either to Inform; Motivate/Persuade; or Entertain
your audience.
A
PURPOSE OF SPEECH
7
Q
The interpretation of body motion communication such as facial expressions
and gestures, nonverbal behavior related to movement of any part of the body
A
KINESICS
8
Q
These are biological requirements for human survival, e.g. air, food,
drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sex, sleep.
A
PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS
9
Q
Protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear.
A
SAFETY NEEDS
10
Q
After physiological and safety needs have been fulfilled, the
third level of human needs is social and involves feelings of belongingness
A
LOVE AND BELONGINGNESS NEEDS
11
Q
Maslow indicated that the need for respect or reputation is most important for children and
adolescents and precedes real self-esteem or dignity.
A
ESTEEM NEEDS
12
Q
.A desire “to become everything one is capable of
becoming” (Maslow, 1987, p. 64).
A
SELF-ACTUALIZATION NEEDS
13
Q
Confidence in one’s own worth or abilities; self-respect.
A
SLEF-ESTEEM
14
Q
An idea of the self constructed from the beliefs one holds about oneself and the
responses of others.
A
SELF CONCEPT
15
Q
The use of words or speech in
sending messages and
transmitting ideas or feelings
A
Verbal Communication
16
Q
It uses body language,
appearance, voice, and
environment as nonverbal cues.
A
Non-Verbal Communication
17
Q
It includes intimate distance,
personal distance, social distance,
and public distance.
A
Proxemics
18
Q
The use of body language in
communication
It includes gestures, eye contact,
and facial expressions
A
Kinesics
19
Q
It refers to the role of time in the
communication process.
A
Chronemics
20
Q
The use of touch to convey
meaning in a conversation
A
Haptics
21
Q
- the tone, speed, and volume of a
speaker’s voice - It includes sighs and gasps
A
Paralanguage
22
Q
an idea or concept
that the sender has and would
like to convey.
A
Stimulus
23
Q
causes breakdown in the
communication process; any barrier
or hindrance that obstructs the
understanding of the message.
A
Noise
24
Q
given by the
receiver when responding to the
message.
A
Feedback
25
Accepts and
decodes
the message; chooses whether to
respond.
Receiver
26
encodes the message
by putting it into words and then
expresses the ideas in proper
sequence.
Sender
27
Refers to the interrelated
conditions that affect the message;
these include physical, psychological, social,
and cultural factors
Context
28
- the communicators
- can be both senders and
receivers
Participants
29
refers to the relationship
of the communicators.
Social Context
30
refers to the place,
time, environment, and distance
between communicators.
Physical Context
31
includes the beliefs
and norms of the participants.
Cultural Context
32
refers to the
moods and feelings of the
communicators.
Psychological Context
33
- The main point of having
communication
- The main idea or information that the
sender would like to convey to the
receiver
Message
34
- The means of delivering the message
- It can be a face-to-face conversation, a
letter, a phone call, an e-mail, or social
media
Channel
35
- the response of the receiver
- helps the sender of the message
determine whether the message was
understood by the receiver
Feedback
36
Conceptual representation that is
used to explain the communication
process
Model of Communication
37
- Presents communication as a one-
way activity in which information
flows from the sender to the
receiver
- Shows only a passive receiver
- Feedback - not a part of the
process
Linnear Communication Model
38
- Shows communication as a two-
way activity
- The sender and the receiver have
the same role in the activity.
- It involves feedback
- may also include noise, an element
that affects the interpretation of
the message
Interactive Communication
39
- senders and receivers - capable of both
sending and receiving messages
anytime or at the same time
- is an interference of barriers (noise)
which may create a sudden impact
and change in the processing of
information.
Transactional Communication
40
- results
when the intended message of
the sender is not understood
exactly by the receiver.
- may
occur when problems in any of
the elements involved arise.
Communication breakdown
41
are the natural or environmental condition
that act as a barrier in communication in
sending the message from sender to receiver.
Physical Barriers
42
are called as mental barriers. These refer
to social and personal issues of a speaker
towards communicating with others.
Pschological Barriers
43
pertain to communication problems
encountered by people regarding their
intrinsic values, beliefs, and traditions in
conflict with others.
Cultural Barriers
44
pertain conflicts with regard to language
and word meanings.
Linguistic Barriers
45
are the “sight, sound and
other stimuli that draw people’s
attention away from intended meaning.”
External
46
are the “thoughts and
feelings that interfere with meaning.”
Internal
47
are the “
alternate meanings
aroused by a speaker’s symbols.” This idea
means that a word may have another
meaning in the minds of the students.
Samantic
48
In this type of communication, the information is
transmitted with the use of predefined channels
or routes. It is very common in educational
settings, workplace, and business meetings.
Formal Communication
49
It is sharing of information with friends or
peers which has no foundation like formal
communication. Some examples of this type
are casual phone or dinner table
conversations.
Informal Communication
50
Context when referring to speech
communication is the surroundings,
circumstances, environment, background
or setting that determine, specify, or
clarify the meaning of an event.
Speech Context
51
Simply means communicating with
oneself. The individual involved in the
process of communication is both the
sender and the receiver.
Intrapersonal Communication
52
a transmission or exchange of a
message, feelings, or a meaning through
verbal or nonverbal cues. It necessitates an
interdependent relationship between or
among the participants
Interpersonal Communication
53
Used by participants who share a very
close relationship
Intimate Speech Style
54
A relaxed or informal dialogue between
friends, peers, colleagues, or family
Casual Speech Style
55
Used in ordinary or routine transactions that
lead to an outcome or result
Consultative Speech Style
56
Aims to provide the audience with
information about a topic or to expand
their knowledge about a topic with
which they are already familiar
Expository / Informative Speech
57
provides a vivid picture of a person, a place,
or an object
Descriptive Speech
58
explains or defines a concept, term, or an
abstract topic
Explanation Speech
59
The act of speaking in
front of a sizable number
of people
Public Speaking
60
presents information about how to do
something or how something is done
Demonstration Speech
61
describes or explains an event or an issue that is
interesting, significant, or unusual
Reportorial Speech
62
aims to amuse audience members and put
them in a jovial mood
Entertainment Speech
63
Aims to influence the audience to accept
the speaker’s position or stand on an issue
Persuasive Speech
64
it appeals to credibility and
authority of the speaker.
Ethos
65
appeals to audience's emotion
Pathos
66
appeals to logic or reason
Logos
67
describe a
situation or imply assertions.
Constative Utterances
68
are words
that incite action.
Performative utterances
69
It regards language as a sort
of action
Speech Act Theory
70
It is the act of producing
meaningful utterance.
Locutionary Act
71
pertains to the word or
string words said that may not have a
particular meaning.
Utterance Act
72
relates to a statement made
while making a reference. It is not necessary for this
to be a complete statement or to have a clear
intention.
Propositional Act
73
It is the meaning one wishes to
communicate or convey.
ILLOCUTIONARY ACT
74
express a speaker’s
emotions and attitudes toward a particular
situation (e.g. apologizing, welcoming,
thanking, and congratulating)
Expressives
75
These bring about a
change in the situation upon being uttered.
(e.g. appointing, baptizing, declaring,
firing, and nominating)
Declarations
76
These convey information
regarding something. (e.g. concluding,
stating, describing, asserting, suggesting,
and insisting)
Assertives
77
These cause the individual
being addressed to do a particular action
(e.g. commanding, daring, challenging,
requesting, and asking someone to do
something)
Directives
78
These commit the
speaker to doing a particular action in the
future. (e.g. promising, vowing, planning,
and offering)
Commossives
79
This is the result or effect
produced by the utterance in the
given context.
Perlocutionary
80
It refers to the act of the speaker wherein the
speaker opens and establishes a topic in the
conversation or discussion.
Nomination
81
The act of limiting what the participants can
contribute to the conversation or discussion
Restriction
82
It refers to the process in which a participant stops
speaking and yields the floor to another participant so that
he or she can speak.
Turn-taking
83
It occurs when the main or assigned speaker
manipulates the discussion in order to maintain its flow
without moving away from or changing the topic
Topic Control
84
It occurs when one intentionally or unintentionally changes
the direction of the flow of ideas in a conversation
Topic Shifting
85
It refers to the act of fixing the violations in a
communication situation
Repair
86
It refers to the act of ending a conversation
Termination
87
It can be formal or informal
language
Language Form
88
It is the length of communication
depending on how the
conversation is going on
between the sender and the
receiver.
Duration of Interaction
89
It is the bond between the
speaker and receiver which may
depend on how the discussions
relate to receivers' interests
and knowledge.
Relationship of the speaker
90
It is the manner of how
speech/message is presented.
Delivery
91
Logical series of events.
Plot
92
The life- giving element of the story.
Characters
93
The time and location of the story.
Setting
94
The perspective of the
writer in narrating the story.
Point of View
95
Factual
description of the topic at hand.
Objective Description
96
Allows you to explore ways to describe an emotion, an event, a thing and etc.
Subjective Description
97
Arranged in
the order in
which they
happened.
Chronological Order
98
Arranged to the geographical
location such
as left-to-right,
up-to-down, etc
Spatial Order
99
Arranged to
emphasize
certain points
depending on
the writer’s
purpose
Emphatic Order
100
It refers to the relationship of ideas
between sentences.
Coherence
101
It refers to the grammatical and lexical
relationship between different elements
of a text which hold it together.
Cohesion
102
It refers to a set of conventions on
how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate
and capitalize. It is important to
know and observe these in writing to
avoid confusion.
Mechanics
103
When you write, always make sure that
you are consistently using one
standard with regards to the spelling
of your words.
Spelling
104
The act of using a system of symbols such as
the comma, period, quotation marks,
question marks, etc. that are used to give
structure to and organize a text.
Punctuation
105
The act of writing the first letter of a word in
uppercase while the rest of the letters are in
lowercase.
Capitalization
106
is the information stated in the text.
Explicit Information
107
is the information not directly presented in the text.
Implicit Information
108
is a clear assertion of a person’s ideas, opinions, or propositions
Claim
109
Defined as the social, cultural, political,
historical
Context
110
is the connectedness of
the text.
Intertext
111
It connects other topics like related
information, graphics, videos, or
sounds to the text.
Hypertext
112
It is gathering as much information
about the text as you can before you
read it.
Previewing
113
Jotting down notes in the text as you
read it.
Annotating
114
Shortening the text read to test
comprehension.
Summarizing
115
It is breaking the text down into parts
to find out how they relate to one
another.
Analyzing
116
Reading the text several times to
make as much meaning as possible.
Re-reading
117
Reacting to what you have read.
Responding
118
It is simply a logical thinking.
Reasoning
119
is a statement that can be
proven objectively by direct experience,
testimonies of witnesses, verified
observations, or the results of research.
FACT
120
is a way in which something is done similar to traditions and
norms.
CONVENTION
121
Is a statement based on facts
but is difficult to objectively verify because of
the uncertainty of producing satisfactory
proofs of soundness.
OPINION
122
states a personal choice
in which the writer is under no obligation
to support or prove the truthfulness of the
statement.
PREFERENCE
123
It reflects the content and emphasis of the
project described in the report.
Title
124
It is an overview of the research study and
is typically two to four paragraphs in
length containing 200-300 words.
Abstract
125
It provides the key question that the
researcher is attempting to answer and a
review of any literature that is relevant.
Introduction
126
This is the most important section for two
reasons: (1) it allows readers to evaluate
the quality of the research, and (2) it
provides the details by which another
researcher may replicate and validate the
findings.
Methodology
127
In longer research papers, the results
section contains the data and perhaps a
short introduction.
Results
128
This section is where the results of the
study are interpreted and evaluated against
the existing body or literature.
Discussion
129
A summary of the main ideas that come from
discussion part.
Conclusion
130
This section provides a list of each author
and paper cited in the research report
References
131
a document that is written for
problem solving, service provision, event planning,
or equipment selling.
Project Proposal
132
A composition that highlights an opinion of an
author or specified entity about an issue
Position Paper
