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ENGLISH Flashcards

1
Q

— Used generally in very formal setting.
— Most formal communicative style for respectful situation
— Does not require any feedback from the audience
— Usually uses long sentences with good grammar and vocabulary
— The use of language is fixed and relatively static

Examples:

national pledge, anthem, school creeds,
marriage ceremonies, speech for a state ceremo

A

FROZEN STYLE

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2
Q
  • Used in speaking to medium to large groups
  • May also be used in single hearers- strangers, older persons, professional
  • Speaker must frame whole sentences ahead before they are delivered
  • Avoids using slang terminologies
    language is comparatively rigid and has a set, agreed upon vocabulary that is well documented;
    is often of a standard variety.

Examples:

meetings, speeches, school lessons, court, a corporate meeting, at a swearing in ceremony, in
an interview or in a classroom

A

FORMAL STYLE

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3
Q
  • Used in semi-formal communication
  • Happens in two-way participation
  • Most operational among other styles
  • Speaker does not usually plan what he wants to say
  • Sentences end to be shorter and spontaneous

Examples:

regular conversation at schools, companies, group discussion,
teacher-student, doctor-patient, expert-apprentice

A

CONSULTATIVE STYLE

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4
Q
  • Language used between friends
  • Often very relaxed and focused on just getting the information out
  • Slangs are quite often used in these instances
  • This style is used in informal situations and language
  • Relationship between speaker and hearer is closed.

Examples:

casual conversations with friends, family members, chats, phone calls and messages

A

CASUAL STYLE

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5
Q
  • Completely private language used within family of very close friends or group
  • Uses personal language codes
  • Grammar is unnecessary
  • Does not need complete language
  • Certain terms of endearment, slangs or expressions whose meaning is shared with a small
    subset of persons to person
A

INTIMATE STYLE

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6
Q

The general purpose of any speech will be either to Inform; Motivate/Persuade; or Entertain
your audience.

A

PURPOSE OF SPEECH

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7
Q

The interpretation of body motion communication such as facial expressions
and gestures, nonverbal behavior related to movement of any part of the body

A

KINESICS

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8
Q

These are biological requirements for human survival, e.g. air, food,
drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sex, sleep.

A

PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS

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9
Q

Protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear.

A

SAFETY NEEDS

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10
Q

After physiological and safety needs have been fulfilled, the
third level of human needs is social and involves feelings of belongingness

A

LOVE AND BELONGINGNESS NEEDS

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11
Q

Maslow indicated that the need for respect or reputation is most important for children and
adolescents and precedes real self-esteem or dignity.

A

ESTEEM NEEDS

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12
Q

.A desire “to become everything one is capable of
becoming” (Maslow, 1987, p. 64).

A

SELF-ACTUALIZATION NEEDS

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13
Q

Confidence in one’s own worth or abilities; self-respect.

A

SLEF-ESTEEM

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14
Q

An idea of the self constructed from the beliefs one holds about oneself and the
responses of others.

A

SELF CONCEPT

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15
Q

The use of words or speech in
sending messages and
transmitting ideas or feelings

A

Verbal Communication

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16
Q

It uses body language,
appearance, voice, and
environment as nonverbal cues.

A

Non-Verbal Communication

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17
Q

It includes intimate distance,
personal distance, social distance,
and public distance.

A

Proxemics

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18
Q

The use of body language in
communication
It includes gestures, eye contact,
and facial expressions

A

Kinesics

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19
Q

It refers to the role of time in the
communication process.

A

Chronemics

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20
Q

The use of touch to convey
meaning in a conversation

A

Haptics

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21
Q
  • the tone, speed, and volume of a
    speaker’s voice
  • It includes sighs and gasps
A

Paralanguage

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22
Q

an idea or concept
that the sender has and would
like to convey.

A

Stimulus

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23
Q

causes breakdown in the
communication process; any barrier
or hindrance that obstructs the
understanding of the message.

A

Noise

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24
Q

given by the
receiver when responding to the
message.

A

Feedback

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25
Q

Accepts and
decodes
the message; chooses whether to
respond.

A

Receiver

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26
Q

encodes the message
by putting it into words and then
expresses the ideas in proper
sequence.

A

Sender

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27
Q

Refers to the interrelated
conditions that affect the message;
these include physical, psychological, social,
and cultural factors

A

Context

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28
Q
  • the communicators
  • can be both senders and
    receivers
A

Participants

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29
Q

refers to the relationship
of the communicators.

A

Social Context

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30
Q

refers to the place,
time, environment, and distance
between communicators.

A

Physical Context

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31
Q

includes the beliefs
and norms of the participants.

A

Cultural Context

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32
Q

refers to the
moods and feelings of the
communicators.

A

Psychological Context

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33
Q
  • The main point of having
    communication
  • The main idea or information that the
    sender would like to convey to the
    receiver
A

Message

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34
Q
  • The means of delivering the message
  • It can be a face-to-face conversation, a
    letter, a phone call, an e-mail, or social
    media
A

Channel

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35
Q
  • the response of the receiver
  • helps the sender of the message
    determine whether the message was
    understood by the receiver
A

Feedback

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36
Q

Conceptual representation that is
used to explain the communication
process

A

Model of Communication

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37
Q
  • Presents communication as a one-
    way activity in which information
    flows from the sender to the
    receiver
  • Shows only a passive receiver
  • Feedback - not a part of the
    process
A

Linnear Communication Model

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38
Q
  • Shows communication as a two-
    way activity
  • The sender and the receiver have
    the same role in the activity.
  • It involves feedback
  • may also include noise, an element
    that affects the interpretation of
    the message
A

Interactive Communication

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39
Q
  • senders and receivers - capable of both
    sending and receiving messages
    anytime or at the same time
  • is an interference of barriers (noise)
    which may create a sudden impact
    and change in the processing of
    information.
A

Transactional Communication

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40
Q
  • results
    when the intended message of
    the sender is not understood
    exactly by the receiver.
  • may
    occur when problems in any of
    the elements involved arise.
A

Communication breakdown

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41
Q

are the natural or environmental condition
that act as a barrier in communication in
sending the message from sender to receiver.

A

Physical Barriers

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42
Q

are called as mental barriers. These refer
to social and personal issues of a speaker
towards communicating with others.

A

Pschological Barriers

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43
Q

pertain to communication problems
encountered by people regarding their
intrinsic values, beliefs, and traditions in
conflict with others.

A

Cultural Barriers

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44
Q

pertain conflicts with regard to language
and word meanings.

A

Linguistic Barriers

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45
Q

are the “sight, sound and
other stimuli that draw people’s
attention away from intended meaning.”

A

External

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46
Q

are the “thoughts and
feelings that interfere with meaning.”

A

Internal

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47
Q

are the “
alternate meanings
aroused by a speaker’s symbols.” This idea
means that a word may have another
meaning in the minds of the students.

A

Samantic

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48
Q

In this type of communication, the information is
transmitted with the use of predefined channels
or routes. It is very common in educational
settings, workplace, and business meetings.

A

Formal Communication

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49
Q

It is sharing of information with friends or
peers which has no foundation like formal
communication. Some examples of this type
are casual phone or dinner table
conversations.

A

Informal Communication

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50
Q

Context when referring to speech
communication is the surroundings,
circumstances, environment, background
or setting that determine, specify, or
clarify the meaning of an event.

A

Speech Context

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51
Q

Simply means communicating with
oneself. The individual involved in the
process of communication is both the
sender and the receiver.

A

Intrapersonal Communication

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52
Q

a transmission or exchange of a
message, feelings, or a meaning through
verbal or nonverbal cues. It necessitates an
interdependent relationship between or
among the participants

A

Interpersonal Communication

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53
Q

Used by participants who share a very
close relationship

A

Intimate Speech Style

54
Q

A relaxed or informal dialogue between
friends, peers, colleagues, or family

A

Casual Speech Style

55
Q

Used in ordinary or routine transactions that
lead to an outcome or result

A

Consultative Speech Style

56
Q

Aims to provide the audience with
information about a topic or to expand
their knowledge about a topic with
which they are already familiar

A

Expository / Informative Speech

57
Q

provides a vivid picture of a person, a place,
or an object

A

Descriptive Speech

58
Q

explains or defines a concept, term, or an
abstract topic

A

Explanation Speech

59
Q

The act of speaking in
front of a sizable number
of people

A

Public Speaking

60
Q

presents information about how to do
something or how something is done

A

Demonstration Speech

61
Q

describes or explains an event or an issue that is
interesting, significant, or unusual

A

Reportorial Speech

62
Q

aims to amuse audience members and put
them in a jovial mood

A

Entertainment Speech

63
Q

Aims to influence the audience to accept
the speaker’s position or stand on an issue

A

Persuasive Speech

64
Q

it appeals to credibility and
authority of the speaker.

A

Ethos

65
Q

appeals to audience’s emotion

A

Pathos

66
Q

appeals to logic or reason

A

Logos

67
Q

describe a
situation or imply assertions.

A

Constative Utterances

68
Q

are words
that incite action.

A

Performative utterances

69
Q

It regards language as a sort
of action

A

Speech Act Theory

70
Q

It is the act of producing
meaningful utterance.

A

Locutionary Act

71
Q

pertains to the word or
string words said that may not have a
particular meaning.

A

Utterance Act

72
Q

relates to a statement made
while making a reference. It is not necessary for this
to be a complete statement or to have a clear
intention.

A

Propositional Act

73
Q

It is the meaning one wishes to
communicate or convey.

A

ILLOCUTIONARY ACT

74
Q

express a speaker’s
emotions and attitudes toward a particular
situation (e.g. apologizing, welcoming,
thanking, and congratulating)

A

Expressives

75
Q

These bring about a
change in the situation upon being uttered.
(e.g. appointing, baptizing, declaring,
firing, and nominating)

A

Declarations

76
Q

These convey information
regarding something. (e.g. concluding,
stating, describing, asserting, suggesting,
and insisting)

A

Assertives

77
Q

These cause the individual
being addressed to do a particular action
(e.g. commanding, daring, challenging,
requesting, and asking someone to do
something)

A

Directives

78
Q

These commit the
speaker to doing a particular action in the
future. (e.g. promising, vowing, planning,
and offering)

A

Commossives

79
Q

This is the result or effect
produced by the utterance in the
given context.

A

Perlocutionary

80
Q

It refers to the act of the speaker wherein the
speaker opens and establishes a topic in the
conversation or discussion.

A

Nomination

81
Q

The act of limiting what the participants can
contribute to the conversation or discussion

A

Restriction

82
Q

It refers to the process in which a participant stops
speaking and yields the floor to another participant so that
he or she can speak.

A

Turn-taking

83
Q

It occurs when the main or assigned speaker
manipulates the discussion in order to maintain its flow
without moving away from or changing the topic

A

Topic Control

84
Q

It occurs when one intentionally or unintentionally changes
the direction of the flow of ideas in a conversation

A

Topic Shifting

85
Q

It refers to the act of fixing the violations in a
communication situation

A

Repair

86
Q

It refers to the act of ending a conversation

A

Termination

87
Q

It can be formal or informal
language

A

Language Form

88
Q

It is the length of communication
depending on how the
conversation is going on
between the sender and the
receiver.

A

Duration of Interaction

89
Q

It is the bond between the
speaker and receiver which may
depend on how the discussions
relate to receivers’ interests
and knowledge.

A

Relationship of the speaker

90
Q

It is the manner of how
speech/message is presented.

A

Delivery

91
Q

Logical series of events.

A

Plot

92
Q

The life- giving element of the story.

A

Characters

93
Q

The time and location of the story.

A

Setting

94
Q

The perspective of the
writer in narrating the story.

A

Point of View

95
Q

Factual
description of the topic at hand.

A

Objective Description

96
Q

Allows you to explore ways to describe an emotion, an event, a thing and etc.

A

Subjective Description

97
Q

Arranged in
the order in
which they
happened.

A

Chronological Order

98
Q

Arranged to the geographical
location such
as left-to-right,
up-to-down, etc

A

Spatial Order

99
Q

Arranged to
emphasize
certain points
depending on
the writer’s
purpose

A

Emphatic Order

100
Q

It refers to the relationship of ideas
between sentences.

A

Coherence

101
Q

It refers to the grammatical and lexical
relationship between different elements
of a text which hold it together.

A

Cohesion

102
Q

It refers to a set of conventions on
how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate
and capitalize. It is important to
know and observe these in writing to
avoid confusion.

A

Mechanics

103
Q

When you write, always make sure that
you are consistently using one
standard with regards to the spelling
of your words.

A

Spelling

104
Q

The act of using a system of symbols such as
the comma, period, quotation marks,
question marks, etc. that are used to give
structure to and organize a text.

A

Punctuation

105
Q

The act of writing the first letter of a word in
uppercase while the rest of the letters are in
lowercase.

A

Capitalization

106
Q

is the information stated in the text.

A

Explicit Information

107
Q

is the information not directly presented in the text.

A

Implicit Information

108
Q

is a clear assertion of a person’s ideas, opinions, or propositions

A

Claim

109
Q

Defined as the social, cultural, political,
historical

A

Context

110
Q

is the connectedness of
the text.

A

Intertext

111
Q

It connects other topics like related
information, graphics, videos, or
sounds to the text.

A

Hypertext

112
Q

It is gathering as much information
about the text as you can before you
read it.

A

Previewing

113
Q

Jotting down notes in the text as you
read it.

A

Annotating

114
Q

Shortening the text read to test
comprehension.

A

Summarizing

115
Q

It is breaking the text down into parts
to find out how they relate to one
another.

A

Analyzing

116
Q

Reading the text several times to
make as much meaning as possible.

A

Re-reading

117
Q

Reacting to what you have read.

A

Responding

118
Q

It is simply a logical thinking.

A

Reasoning

119
Q

is a statement that can be
proven objectively by direct experience,
testimonies of witnesses, verified
observations, or the results of research.

A

FACT

120
Q

is a way in which something is done similar to traditions and
norms.

A

CONVENTION

121
Q

Is a statement based on facts
but is difficult to objectively verify because of
the uncertainty of producing satisfactory
proofs of soundness.

A

OPINION

122
Q

states a personal choice
in which the writer is under no obligation
to support or prove the truthfulness of the
statement.

A

PREFERENCE

123
Q

It reflects the content and emphasis of the
project described in the report.

A

Title

124
Q

It is an overview of the research study and
is typically two to four paragraphs in
length containing 200-300 words.

A

Abstract

125
Q

It provides the key question that the
researcher is attempting to answer and a
review of any literature that is relevant.

A

Introduction

126
Q

This is the most important section for two
reasons: (1) it allows readers to evaluate
the quality of the research, and (2) it
provides the details by which another
researcher may replicate and validate the
findings.

A

Methodology

127
Q

In longer research papers, the results
section contains the data and perhaps a
short introduction.

A

Results

128
Q

This section is where the results of the
study are interpreted and evaluated against
the existing body or literature.

A

Discussion

129
Q

A summary of the main ideas that come from
discussion part.

A

Conclusion

130
Q

This section provides a list of each author
and paper cited in the research report

A

References

131
Q

a document that is written for
problem solving, service provision, event planning,
or equipment selling.

A

Project Proposal

132
Q

A composition that highlights an opinion of an
author or specified entity about an issue

A

Position Paper

URS (5 decks)

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