Engineering Fundamentals Flashcards by Briscoe Kerferd

What are the 7 steps to Orthogonal Third Angle Projection Drawing?

Setting out
Centre Lines
Circles and Arcs
Details; including hidden details
Firming in
Dimensions
Titles

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What are 5 Role descriptions for an engineer?

Research, Design and development
manufacture
maintenance 
Marketing and Sales
Training and Education

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What were three effects of the industrial revolution on peoples lives?

More iron –> more iron products
Less cheap labour for home use due to more factores
more household appliances –> more electricity at lower cost

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What is weight?

A force due to gravity

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What is Mechanical Advantage?

MA=F(out)/F(in)=load/effort

ratio of force acting on load to force being applied

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What is Velocity Ratio?

VR=D(in)/d(out)=distance moved by effort over distance moved by load.

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What decreases efficiency? What is efficiency formula?

losses due to friction/elasticity/sound

efficiency=MA/VR; if 100% efficiency MA=VR

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How can you determine the VR of a lever?

distance between effort and fulcrum/distance between load and fulcrum

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What are the three orders of lever?

1st Order - load and effort on different ends of fulcrum
2nd Order - load and effort on same end; load closer
3rd Order - 2nd order but effort is closer (distance magnifier)

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What order lever is a wheel?

3rd order

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How can you determine VR of a wheel and axle?

diameter of wheel/diameter of axle (or any measurement, as all are in proportion)

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What are the two types of pullys?

type 1 - wheel rotates in a block

type 2 - belt and pully/chain and sprocket

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How can you determine the MA in a type 1 pully system?

MA=number of falls of rope

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How can you determine the VR in a type 2 pully system?

VR=Diameter of follower pully/diameter of driven pully

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How can you determine the VR of a gear system?

VR=radius/diameter/# teeth output/same of input

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How can you determine the VR of an incline plane?

VR=1/sinx

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How can you determine the VR of a wedge?

VR=L/h

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How can you determine the VR of a screw?

VR=Pi*d/pitch

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What are general properties of metals?

conductive, ductile, tough, strong

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What makes a metal ferrous? give 3 examples

greater than 50% iron
steel
alloy steels
cast irons

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What makes a metal non-ferrous? give 2 examples

trace amounts of iron, if any
aluminium
copper

What are the three types of polymers?

thermosetting
thermosoftening
elstomers

What are 4 general properties of polymers?

insulators, softer than metals, less dense than metals, corrosion resistant

What are 6 general properties of ceramics?

hard, brittle, good in compression, bad in tension, insulator, chemically inert

What is a composite material? what is a general property of composites?

2 or more metals combined for superior properties | high specific strength

define ductility:

ability to deform under tensile load without fracture

define malleability:

ability to deform under compressive force without failure

define hardness:

ability to withstand surface indentation and scratching

define toughness

ability to withstand impact force and plastically deform before fracture (ductility and strength)

define strength

ability to withstand load without failure

What are three structures of metals?

Body centred cubic (BBC) Face centred cubic (FCC) Close Packed Hexagonal (CPH)

What are the three main types of bonding?

ionic covalent metallic

What are 4 methods of joining metals?

adhesives soft solder brazing welding

how do adhesives work?

join surfaces through chemical reaction

What is soft solder? What is its melting point?

tin and lead, 300 C

What is brazing? what are two brazing materials used and their melting points? What is the main advantage?

like soft solder but higher Melting point silver solder; 600-800 C Brazing alloy (Cu+Zn) 850-900 C used with all kinds of metals

What is the defining characteristic of welding? What are 3 types of welding? give an example of each one (2 examples and 3 advantages for a mystery one)

melts parent metal resistance welding - spot welding gas welding - oxy acetylene electric arc - stick welding (flux reduces oxidation), MIG,(inert gas), strong, convenient, low cost

What is fabrication?

made up of smaller parts

What is Casting/moulding?

pouring molten into mould to take shape

What is working?

e.g. rolling, forging, beating into shape.

What is extrusion?

pushing through a shaped hole to make shape with constant cross section

What is Jiggering?

Former against rotating clay

Outline slip casting

>Slip (clay suspended in water) poured into porous mould >mould absorbs water >slip poured off > hollow item

Outline dry shaping of ceramics.

powdered>pressed>fired to create internal bonding

Outline the stages of firing clay, along with temperatures

up to 150C - drying - evaporation - reversible 300-700 C - dehydration and oxidation - eliminates primary bonded water and impurities - permanent 700 C and above - vitrification - glass forms which cements particles and makes it water tight

What are the 4 types of clay materials and give the porosity and provide a use for each

earthenware - porous - bricks, wall tiles stoneware - less porous - roofing tiles, pipes, overware china - no porosity - fine tableware Porcelain - no porosity - tableware, scientific equipment

What is concrete?

a conglomerate of sand, aggregate, cement, and water

What are two ways of testing concrete?

compression test with a short fat sample | slump test, where the drop in height indicates water content and therefore strength

What are 4 advantages of concrete? What is the main disadvantage? How can this be fixed?

``` ADV low tech to mould compressive strength watertight hard and wear resistant Dis Adv ; bad in tension --> reinforced concrete ```

What is timber a composite of?

Cellulose and lignin matrix

What is the difference between hardwoods and softwoods?

hardwoods have some pores empty, but majority filled with cellulose; softwoods have all pores empty

What are 4 advantages of timber and 4 disadvantages?

``` ADV high specific strength regenerative easily workds can be laminated (plywood, particle/fibre/hardboard) D.ADV combustable varied strength weak in compression decay ```