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M15 > ENGINE MONITORING > Flashcards

ENGINE MONITORING Flashcards

1
Q

When can Engine trimming be carried out?

A

Once the engine is running.

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2
Q

How can the condition of an engine be determined?

A

By analysis of the engine oil.

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3
Q

What is the process of oil analysis?

A

SOAP (spectrographic oil analysis program)

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4
Q

How is metal identified during oil analysis?

A

Measuring the colour and intensity

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5
Q

What types of boroscope are there?

A

Rigid, flexible, fibrescope, electronic imaging video probe

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6
Q

How is vibration monitored on modern engines?

A

Piezoelectric accelerometer measured I inches per second (ips) or (mm/s)

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7
Q

Where are piezoelectric accelerometers places on engines?

A

Fan or LP casing

Turbine casing

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8
Q

In general terms, what does hard time and on conditioning monitoring require?

A

Involve actions preventing failure

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9
Q

What is hard time monitoring?

A

Preventative action which involves removal of items at specific intervals.
(Landings, cyclic loads, calendar etc)

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10
Q

What is the period of time which the engine can be installed on the aircraft for?

A

Time between overhaul

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11
Q

What is on-condition monitoring?

A

Preventative action which involves inspection or check at specified periods.

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12
Q

What is scheduled servicing?

A

Based on flying hours, periodic recurring checks

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13
Q

What is un-scheduled servicing?

A

Covers work due to malfunction, scheduled maintenance or occurrences such as heavy landing

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14
Q

What is condition monitoring?

A

Not a preventative process, info on operational experience is gained to prevent inflight shutdown, secondary down time

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15
Q

What are the three main methods for condition monitoring?

A
  1. Flight deck indication (oil pressure, EGT, RPM)
  2. In flight recorders (intergrated data systems automatic recording)
  3. Ground indication (internal view points, magnetic chip detectors, oil filters, soap tests)
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16
Q

Why is FOD a major problem to engines which use titanium?

A 
Can cause hard rubs, titanium may reach ignition temp. 
Aerodynamic imbalance (vibration, stalls and surge)
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17
Q

What will placing a protective mat on the intake protect?

A

Acoustic panelling

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18
Q

How can feeling for restriction or rubbing of the compressor be inspected?

A

Rotating manually by hand

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19
Q

If non-metallic damage is found on an engine which is repairable, where should be inspected and how?

A

Boroscope later stages of the compressor

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20
Q

How is ‘broken’ described?

A

Separation of a part by force in two or more pieces?

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21
Q

How Is ‘battered’ described?

A

Damage caused to a part that is constantly hit

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22
Q

How is ‘bending’ described?

A

Angular change from initial shape or contour, usually lateral forces.

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23
Q

How is ‘bowed’ described?

A

A curve which changes the surfaces initial shape or contour. Usually heat or lateral force

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24
Q

How is ‘brinelled’ described?

A

Circular surface damage on bearing races. Usually constant shock loads applied to bearing

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25
Q

How is ‘burned’ described?

A

Complete structural failure due to hot temperatures

26
Q

How is ‘carboned’ (coked) described?

A

Quantity of carbon particles collected on the surface of the material

27
Q

How is ‘cracked’ described?

A

Linear opening that can be easily seen and cause the material to break

28
Q

How Is ‘curled’ described?

A

A rounded fold in the material such as a blade tip that has rubbed against the engine casing

29
Q

How is ‘dent’ described?

A

Damage to surface when hit. Material distorted not removed.

30
Q

How is a ‘deposit described?’

A

Particles of a material collected on a part

31
Q

How Is a ‘nick’ described?

A

A small cut on the surface or edge of a part.

32
Q

How is ‘overheat’ described?

A

Part become too hot seen as change in colour or condition

33
Q

How is ‘peeling’ described?

A

When the surface finish breaks away

34
Q

How is ‘pitted’ described?

A

Small irregular holes in the surface of a material caused by corrosion or electrical discharge

35
Q

How is ‘scratched’ described?

A

Small surface cut caused by sharpe object

36
Q

How is ‘skidding’ described?

A

Surface damage to balls, and races of bearings. Seen as Matt silver effect on surface (causes by intermittent loading)

37
Q

How is ‘spalled’ described?

A

Rough broken area on the surface of a material. Usually caused by cracks or inclusions when a load is applied

38
Q

What is the main source of compressor contamination?

A

Salt water.

Wash with fresh water with engine running over the starter

39
Q

What is performance recovery washing?

A

Emulsion type surface cleaning under same conditions as desalination wash.
(Turbine also benefits, life extend)

40
Q

How can centrifugal compressors be cleaned?

A

Injection of abrasive grit

Doesn’t clears turbine stage

41
Q

How can fan blades be cleaned?

A

Spraying coke into eye of fan while rotating

Or hand cleaned using proprietary solvent.

42
Q

What should be used if cleaning the engine in cold conditions?

A

Isopropyl alcohol used as an anti-freeze method as ethanol can damage titanium.

43
Q

What is needed to achieve accurate trim data?

A

OAT and barometric pressure/airfield altitude.

44
Q

What is engine trimming for?

A

Engine performance testing.

45
Q

How must all engine adjustments be carried out at?

A

Idle rpm

46
Q

How long should the engine be cooled down for at idle before shutting down?

A

3 minutes.

47
Q

How is engine trim increased?

A

Turning adjuster on FCU (fuel control unit) anti clockwise.

48
Q

What engine monitoring categories are there?

A

System

Performance

Condition

49
Q

How is EPR measured?

A

Ratio of pressure at engine inlet to the exhaust gas pressure.

(Gives indication of thrust)

50
Q

How is N1 measured?

A

% related to 100% design speed.

51
Q

What are idle speeds controlled to?

A

N2 value.

52
Q

When is fuel flow indications important?

A

Engine start

Fuel consumption during flight.

53
Q

How do centrifugal compressor engines measure engine power?

A

Comparing the relationship between engine rpm and jet pipe temp.

54
Q

How much thrust is produced by the fan on large fan engines?

A

90-95%

55
Q

What are torque monitoring systems used to indicate?

A

Indicate power developed by a turbo prop or turbo shaft engines.

56
Q

Is engine torque proportional to horsepower?

A

Yes.

57
Q

How is torque displayed in the cockpit?

A

Torque oil pressure
Torque percentage

(With a torque meter)

58
Q

What are the most commonly used sensing systems for torque meters?

A

Hydro mechanical

Electronic

59
Q

What is the engine data recording performed by?

A

Aircraft condition monitoring system (ACMS)

Data transmitted to the Data Management Unit (DMU)

60
Q

What does the DMU do?

A

Records the data and compiles to ACMS reports.

Sent to ground or printed via data link.

M15 (18 decks)

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