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AP Bio 1 > Energy Transformation > Flashcards

Energy Transformation Flashcards

Ch. 8, 9, 10

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1
Q

What is fermentation

A

A catabolic pathway of partial degradation for organic fuels in the absence of O2

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2
Q

What is aerobic respiration

A

Catabolic pathway that consumes O2 as a reactant along with organic fuel

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3
Q

What is anaerobic respiration

A

Respiration without O2

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4
Q

What is oxidation

A

The loss of an electron/H+ from a substance in a reaction

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5
Q

What is reduction

A

Addition of an electron/H+ to a substance in a reaction

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6
Q

What is a reducing agent

A

Electron donor

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7
Q

What is an oxidizing agent

A

Electron acceptor

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8
Q

Redox reactions that move closer to O2 release or gain energy

A

Release energy

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9
Q

When electrons are stripped from glucose, they are first passed to NAD+ forming NADH. What type of molecule are electron carriers

A

Coenzyme

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10
Q

What is dehydrogenase

A

An enzyme that can remove a pair of atoms (2e- & 2H+) and delivers them to NAD+

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11
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation

A

Formation of ATP during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

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12
Q

How does the production of ATP during substrate-level phosphorylation differ than that produced during oxidative phosphorylation

A

An enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP rather than using an inorganic phosphate in the surroundings

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13
Q

What happens during the energy investment phase of glycolysis

A

The cell spends 2 ATP as Ea to begin glycolysis

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14
Q

What happens during the energy payoff phase of glycolysis

A

4 ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation
NAD+ is reduced to NADH

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15
Q

What is the net yield of ATP H2O, pyruvate, CO2, NADH, and FADH2 during glycolysis

A

2 ATP
2 H2O
2 pyruvate
2 NADH
0 FADH2
0 CO2

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16
Q

What are the 4 steps of the link reaction

A
  1. Pyruvate enters mitochondria via active transport
  2. Pyruvate’s carboxyl group is fully oxidized and given off as 1 CO2
  3. Remaining 2-C fragment is oxidized and e- transfers to NAD+, forming NADH
  4. CoA S atom attaches to the 2-C, forming Acetyl CoA
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17
Q

What is the Krebs cycle

A

Oxidization of pyruvate

18
Q

What are the first steps of the citric acid cycle

A

Acetyl CoA adds the acetyl group to oxaloacetate, forming citrate which has high Ep. CoA-SH leaves.

19
Q

What is the net yield of ATP, FADH2, NADH, & CO2 of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

A

4 ATP
2 FADH2
10 NADH
4 CO2

20
Q

What is a prosthetic group

A

Non-protein component (coenzyme/cofactor) bound to proteins in electron transport chain

21
Q

Where is the ETC found

A

In the inner mitochondria membrane

22
Q

What is the first step in the ETC

A

Electrons from NADH (2) are first transported to mc in complex 1 (FMN)

23
Q

In which complex does FADH2 transport its electrons and why

A

Complex 2 because it has lower Ep than NADH

24
Q

What is a cytochrome

A

Electron carrier in the 3rd and 4th complex (starts with “cyt”)

25
Q

Describe the ETC in terms of electronegativity

A

Electrons from NADH and FADH2 move from less electronegative carriers to more electronegative carriers, releasing G

26
Q

How does ATP synthase generate ATP

A
  1. H+ ions flow through stator from intermembrane space and then enter a binding site on rotor
  2. This binding causes shape change and rotation of rotor. Each H+ makes 1 full rotation before passing through second stator channel and entering matrix
  3. Rotor spinning causes rod spinning, which activates catalytic sites in the knob that produce ATP from ADP and Pi
27
Q

How many H+ are transported from the mitochondria matrix to the intermembrane space for each NADH & FADH2

A

NADH = 3
FADH2 = 2

28
Q

What are 3 reasons the calculated number of ATP may differ from the total produced

A
  1. Phosphorylation/redox reactions may not be coupled properly
  2. e- may accidentally be transferred to FAD rather than NAD+
  3. Proton-motive force E may be used to drive other cell work rather than be used to produce ATP
29
Q

What is the proton-motive force

A

H+ gradient between mitochondria membrane with the capacity for the gradient perform work

30
Q

What is the difference between anaerobic respiration and fermentation

A

Anaerobic respiration uses an ETC, just with a different final electron receptor. Fermentation occurs without O2

31
Q

By what method does fermentation produce ATP

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

32
Q

What are the 2 parts to fermentation

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. NAD+ regeneration
33
Q

What are the 2 steps to alcohol fermentation

A
  1. CO2 is released from pyruvate and pyruvate becomes acetaldehyde
  2. Acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol, regenerating NAD+
34
Q

What is the 1 step in lactic acid fermentation

A

Pyruvate is reduced by NADH to form lactate, regenerating NAD+ (no CO2)

35
Q

What is an obligate anaerobe

A

Organism that does only fermentation and cannot survive in O2 rich environment

36
Q

What is a falcultative anaerobe

A

Organism that can survive on fermentation or respiration
Eg. Muscle cells

37
Q

For proteins to be used as fuel, they must first be digested into their

A

Amino acids

38
Q

True or false: amino acid must be in excess to be used as fuel

A

True

39
Q

Before amino acids can be used as fuel which group must be removed: carboxyl or amine

A

Amine group

40
Q

What is beta oxidation
(Fats can become fuel through this process)

A

The breakdown of a fatty acid down to 2-C fragments that can be joined by a CoA to form acetyl CoA

AP Bio 1 (7 decks)

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