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Biology A2 > Energy Transfer - Respiration > Flashcards

Energy Transfer - Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

what are the stages of aerobic respiration?

A

glycolysis

link reaction

krebs cycle

oxidative phosphorylation

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3
Q

what happens in glycolysis?

A

ATP used to phosphorylate glucose to triose phosphate

Triose phosphate is oxidised into pyruvate, releasing ATP

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4
Q

describe the process of the phosphorylation of glucose in glycolysis

A

glucose phosphorylated using ATP to form glucose phosphate

ATP further phosphorylates to form hexose biphosphate, which then splits to form 2 triose phosphate

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5
Q

describe the process of the oxidation of triose phosphate in glycolysis

A

triose phosphate oxidised by NAD to form reduced NAD

during this, 4 ATP are produced, but as 2 were used in stage 1 there is a net gain of 2 ATP

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6
Q

what happens in the link reaction?

A

pyruvate is combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A

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7
Q

how is acetyl coenzyme A formed?

A

pyruvate decarboxylated and then oxidised to form acetate

during this NAD reduced

acetate combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A

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8
Q

how much ATP is produced in the link reaction?

A

none

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9
Q

how many pyruvate molecules can be formed from one glucose molecule?

A

2

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10
Q

what type of series of reactions is involved in the kreb’s cycle?

A

oxidation-reduction reactions

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11
Q

where does the krebs cycle take place?

A

the matrix of the mitochondria

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12
Q

how many times does the krebs cycle happen per glucose or pyruvate molecule?

A

once for every pyruvate, so twice for every glucose

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13
Q

what happens in the kreb’s cycle?

A

acetyl CoA reacts with a 4 carbon molecule to form citrate + coenzyme a

citrate converted into a 5C molecule

5C molecule converted into a 4C molecule

4C molecule can now react with new acetyl CoA

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14
Q

how is acetyl coenzyme a converted into citrate?

A

it combines with a four carbon molecule to form citrate + coenzyme a

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15
Q

what happens to coenzyme a after being used split from acetate in the krebs cycle?

A

it goes back to the link reaction to bind with another acetate

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16
Q

how is citrate converted into a 5 carbon molecule in the kreb’s cycle?

A

decarboxylation occurs - carbon dioxide removed

dehydrogenation occurs, hydrogen lost is used to produce reduced NAD from NAD

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17
Q

how is the 5 carbon molecule converted into a 4 carbon molecule in the krebs cycle?

A

decarboxylation and dehydrogenation occur

one reduced FAD produced

two reduced NAD produced

ATP produced through substrate level phosphorylation

18
Q

what is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

when a phosphate group is directly transferred from one molecule to another

19
Q

what happens in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

reduced NAD + reduced FAD -> NAD + FAD

H atoms released from this split into H+ and e-

electrons move down electron transport chain and lose energy

this energy used to pump H+ across to intermembrane space

H+ diffuse back into matrix through ATP synthase

ATP synthesised

protons, e- and O2 combine to form water

20
Q

where does chemiosmosis occur in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

when the H+ ions diffuse through ATP synthase, catalysing the production of ATP

21
Q

what is the significance of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

produces more ATP than glycolysis + krebs

electron transport chain allows energy from electrons to be released in small, manageable steps

oxidises reduced NAD + FAD so it can be used again in glycolysis + krebs

22
Q

what is always the first stage of anaerobic respiration?

A

glycolysis

23
Q

what are the stages of anaerobic respiration in plants and microorganisms?

A

glucose -> pyruvate -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

24
Q

what is the first stage of anaerobic respiration in plants and microorganisms?

A

aka glycolysis

25
Q

what is the second stage of anaerobic respiration in plants and microorganisms?

A
26
Q

draw a diagram of anaerobic respiration in plants and microorganisms

A
29
Q

what is the first stage of anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

aka glycolysis

30
Q

what is the second stage of anaerobic respiration in animals?

A
31
Q

draw a diagram of anaerobic respiration in animals?

A
33
Q

what is the purpose of the second stage of anaerobic respiration in plants and microoganisms?

A

to regenerate NAD - the products themselves aren’t needed

34
Q

when does anaerobic respiration usually occur in animals?

A

during strenuous exercise

37
Q

how are lipids used in respiration?

A
39
Q

how are proteins used in respiration?

A
40
Q

what happens to the lactate when oxygen is available again in animals?

A

it is oxidised back to pyruvate

41
Q

what is needed to oxidise lactate back into pyruvate?

A

oxygen

42
Q

what is oxygen debt?

A

the oxygen needed to oxidise lactate back into pyruvate after anaerobic respiration

43
Q

what happens to the ethanol after anaerobic respiration in plants?

A

it diffuses out of the leaf

44
Q

what two substances can also be used in respiration, other than glucose?

A

lipids and proteins

46
Q

how commonly are lipids used in respiration?

A

very common

48
Q

how commonly are proteins used in respiration?

A

very uncommon - done in starvation

Biology A2 (15 decks)

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