Energy Transfer (3)

Question 1

True or false: The body can use heat for energy.

Answer 1

FALSE

Body cannot use heat for energy and obtains energy via chemical bonds

Question 2

Where is chemical energy extracted from? (3) What is it primarily used for?

Answer 2

1. CHO, fats, proteins

2. Used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

Question 3

____% of potential food nutrients transfers to ATP

Answer 3

40%

Question 4

List 3 forms of energy transfer.

Answer 4

1. Chemical
2. Mechanical
3. Transport

Question 5

What is phosphorylation? Provide 2 examples.

Answer 5

1. Phosphorylation: 1 or more phosphate groups is added to an organic molecule
2. Aerobic respiration: Glucose phosphorylated in glycolysis
3. Substrate level/electron transport chain: ADP phosphorylated to ATP

Question 6

What is a coenzyme? What is their function?

Answer 6

1. Non protein organic substance

2. Purpose: activate dormant enzymes

Question 7

True or false: Vitamins are coenzymes that DO NOT supply energy for exercise

Answer 7

TRUE

Supply energy for biologic work

Question 8

Where are energy substrates stored? What mode of exercise can increase their concentration?

Answer 8

1. Stored in the myofibril

2. Increase via powerlifting

Question 9

What is the currency for energy, used in all cell processes?

Answer 9

ATP

Question 10

How many calories equate 1 ATP molecule?

Answer 10

7.3kcal

Question 11

List 2 properties associated with the splitting of ATP.

Answer 11

1. Occurs with or without O2

2. Requires only 1 chemical reaction

Question 12

How much ATP is stored in the body? How much exercise can be done (duration) using the ATP reserve?

Answer 12

1. 3.5 oz is stored

2. allows for an all out bout of exercise lasting 10 sec

Question 13

Sedentary person resynthesizes ___% of their body weight in ATP.

Answer 13

75%

Question 14

What are 2 sources of energy for ATP resynthesis?

Answer 14

CHO and Lipids

Question 15

What is creatine phosphate?

Answer 15

Stored form of high energy phosphate

Question 16

_____x greater concentration of creatine phosphate than ATP in the muscle cells.

Answer 16

4-6x

Question 17

Breakdown of creatine phosphate occurs ____ and without ____.

Answer 17

Rapidly

O2

Question 18

What are 3 ways ATP is synthesized?

Answer 18

1. Substrate Phosphorylation
2. Krebs Cycle
3. Cellular Oxidation

Question 19

What is substrate phosphorylation? Where does it take place? How many ATP molecules does it form?

Answer 19

1. ANAEROBIC glycolysis that occurs in the cytoplasm

2. Yields 2 ATP molecules

Question 20

True or False: Most energy in the body is used to make ATP and is not dissipated as heat.

Answer 20

FALSE

Most energy is dissipated as heat, not used to make ATP

Question 21

Lactic acid forms when _____ from NADH combine with _____.

Answer 21

2 hydrogens

Pyruvate

Question 22

List 2 things that lead to the formation of lactic acid.

Answer 22

1. Lack of O2 molecule as final H+ acceptor

2. Inadequate enzymes and metabolic machinery

Question 23

What is the second stage of CHO breakdown?

Answer 23

Krebs cycle

Question 24

What is the main function of the Krebs cycle? Where does the Krebs cycle take place? How many ATP does it yield?

Answer 24

1. Main function: degrade acytel CoA to CO2 and H atoms
2. Occurs in the mitochondria
3. Yields 2 ATP molecules

Question 25

What must be present for the Krebs cycle to occur?

Answer 25

OXYGEN (O2)

Question 26

What are 3 components of aerobic metabolism?

Answer 26

1. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs) 2. Electron transport/respiratory chain 3. Oxidative phosphorylation (cellular oxidation)

Question 27

What is cellular oxidation? How many ATP does it yield?

Answer 27

1. Reactions that involve transfer of O2, hydrogen atoms or electrons 2. Yields 32 ATP molecules

Question 28

What 2 processes are involved in cellular oxidation?

Answer 28

Electron transport chain | Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 29

What is the electron transport chain? When is the process complete?

Answer 29

1. Removal of electron from hydrogen and their ultimate delivery to O2 2. Oxidation complete when 2 electrons and 2 protons joint with O2 to form H2O

Question 30

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 30

ATP synthesized from transfer of electrons from NADH to FADH2 to O2

Question 31

List 3 prerequisites that must be met for continual ATP resynthesis.

Answer 31

1. Donor electron must be present in form of NADH or FADH2 2. Adequate O2 must be present as final electron and H acceptor 3. Enzymes and metabolic machinery must be present in sufficient concentration to move energy transfer reaction to completion

Question 32

What are the 3 energy systems?

Answer 32

1. ATP-CP 2. Lactic Acid System 3. Aerobic System

Question 33

ATP-CP system supplies ____ energy via ATP and CP

Answer 33

Immediate/rapid

Question 34

What duration of exercise is fueled by the ATP-CP system

Answer 34

all out work for 10 sec