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Applied Physiology (SE) > Body Composition > Flashcards

Body Composition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 major structure components that make up the body?

A
  1. Bone
  2. Muscle
  3. Fat
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2
Q

List 5 characteristics of the reference man.

A
  1. Taller
  2. Heavier
  3. Skeleton weighs more
  4. Larger muscle mass
  5. Lower fat content
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3
Q

What is average total body fat for the reference male and female?

A

Male: 15%
Female: 27%

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4
Q

What is the minimal fat percentage needed to maintain physiologic function in males and females?

A

Males: 3%
Females: 12%

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5
Q

Sex specific/characteristic fat is ______x higher in females than in males.

A

4x higher

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6
Q

Why is it important for females to have sex specific fat? (2)

A
  1. Needed for child bearing 2. Needed for hormone related function
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7
Q

What is storage fat? Purpose?

A

Consists of fat the accumulates in adipose tissue

Purpose: Nutritional reserve includes the fatty tissues that protects the internal organs from trauma and the larger subcutaneous fat volume deposited beneath the skin surface

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8
Q

What percentage of storage fat is found in females vs males?

A

Females: 15%
Males: 12%

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9
Q

True or False: Lean body mass does not contain fat stores.

A

FALSE

Contains 3% of fat stores within CNS, bone marrow and internal organs

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10
Q

What is fat free mass?

A

Body mass devoid of all fat

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11
Q

Physically active females with low body fat increase their chances of what 4 things?

A
  1. Delayed onset of menstruation
  2. Irregular menstrual cycles
  3. Complete cessation of the menses
  4. Increased risk of MS injury during vigorous exercise
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12
Q

What percentage of body fat is need to trigger the onset of menstruation? What % is needed to sustain a normal cycle?

A

17% body fat for onset of menstruation

22% body fat to sustain a normal cycle

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13
Q

What is leptin? Where is it made? What does it regulate?

A
  1. Satiety Hormone
  2. Made by fat cells which regulate the amount of fat stored in the body
  3. Regulates sensation of hunger and energy expenditure
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14
Q

A critical blood ____ level is necessary to trigger ______ ability in females.

A
  1. Leptin

2. Reproductive

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15
Q

Leptin serves as the mediator between the _____ and _______.

A

Adipose tissue

Gonads

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16
Q

What can a leptin deficiency lead to?

A

Delayed puberty and menarche

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17
Q

Female athletes who start training in high school or earlier show a lower lifetime of _______ occurrences.

A

Breast and reproductive organ cancer

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18
Q

Women who exercise _____ hours per week decrease their risk of breast CA by ____.

A

4 hours per week

50%

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19
Q

What is one reason why exercise may decrease risk of breast cancer?

A

Less production of estrogen produced over the patient’s lifetime

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20
Q

Losing weight could prevent ____ in every ____ cancer deaths in the US.

A

1 in every 6

21
Q

What percentage of cancer deaths in males and females is caused by excessive weight?

A

Males: 14%
Females: 20%

22
Q

True or False: Obesity makes cancer hard to find and treat.

A

TRUE

23
Q

List the 3 somatotypes.

A
  1. Ectomorph: THIN
  2. Mesomorph: MUSCULAR
  3. Endomorph: FAT
24
Q

BMI is derived from body _____ and _____.

A

Mass

Stature

25
Q

What increases with increasing BMI?

A

Risk of disease

26
Q

BMI does not take into consideration _____.

A

Body composition

27
Q

What BMI values indicate good health, overweight, and obesity?

A

Good health = 18.5-24.9
Overweight= 25-29.9
Obese= 29.9+

28
Q

The longer the duration of exercise the greater the______.

A

caloric burning effect

29
Q

What type of training best alters body composition?

A

Circuit-resistance training

30
Q

_______ exercise shrinks fat cells.

A

Aerobic exercise

31
Q

Excess _____ often parallels reduced _____ than increased _____.

A

Weight gain
Physical activity
Caloric Intake

32
Q

True or False: Increased physical activity increases food intake.

A

FALSE

Energy intake and expenditure are not balanced in the same direction

33
Q

True or False: Physical activity does not burn many calories.

A

FALSE

34
Q

A combination of what 2 things facilitates a negative energy balance (weight loss) the best?

A
  1. Increased physical activity

2. Caloric restraint

35
Q

Individuals who maintain high ______ gain less weight than weaker counterparts.

A

Muscular strength

36
Q

Where on the body does fat loss occur? (2)

A
  1. Upper body subcutaneous fat

2. Deep abdominal fat

37
Q

True or False: Spot reduction does work in decreasing fat in targeted areas of the body.

A

FALSE

Spot reduction does not work

38
Q

_____ is the #1 public health problem and the second leading cause of preventable death in the US.

A

Obesity

39
Q

What is obesity?

A

Excessive enlargement of the body’s total quantity of fat or the excess storage of energy in adipose tissue

40
Q

When does obesity typically begin?

A

Early Childhood

Increases risk of adult obesity by 3x

41
Q

At what age does excessive fatness typically begin to develop?

A

25-44 years of age

42
Q

Obesity may be caused the congenital absence of the _____ hormone.

A

LEPTIN

43
Q

Obesity is a ____ disease and a major risk factor for ____.

A

Chronic degenerative

Heart disease

44
Q

What is the male pattern for obesity?

A

Fat in upper body and abdomen

Apple shape/android obesity

45
Q

What is the female pattern for obesity?

A

Fat in lower body, hips, thighs, and buttocks

Pear shape/gynoid obesity

46
Q

List 5 diseases that can be caused by upper body obesity.

A
  1. CAD
  2. HTN
  3. Elevated blood lipids
  4. Stroke
  5. Diabetes

Risk is due to visceral fat deposits in close approximation to portal circulatory system

47
Q

What is the major structural difference in adipose tissue cellularity between obese and non obese individuals?

A

CELL NUMBER

  1. A non obese person has 25-30 billion fat cell
  2. An obese person can have over 260 billion fat cells
48
Q

True or False: Fat cells will shrink following weight loss with decrease in number

A

FALSE

Fat cells will shrink following weight loss BUT with no change in number

49
Q

List 2 diets that are considered to be Fad diets because of the hazards they place on the body.

A
  1. Ketogenic Diets

2. High Protein Diets

Applied Physiology (SE) (5 decks)

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