Energy Supply Flashcards

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0
Q

Why do humans synthesise more than their body weight of ATP every day?

A
  • ATP is unstable so has to be replaced.
  • ATP cannot be stored.
  • It only releases small amounts of energy at a time.
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1
Q

What makes ATP a good energy supply?

A
  • Releases Small manageable amounts of energy.
  • It’s soluble so can be easily transported around the cell.
  • Involves single simple reaction.
  • Immediate energy.
  • Can be reformed.
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2
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

In the matrix.

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3
Q

Why is the gross productivity of plants higher in warm months like July?

A

High temperature allows ENZYMES to work faster. So photosynthesis reactions are faster/ there is more photosynthesis.

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4
Q

What is gross productivity?

A

The rate at which plants for assimilate energy from the sun into chemical energy.

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5
Q

What is net productivity?

A

The rate at which energy is stored.

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6
Q

Why do organisms need energy?

A
  • Metabolism – chemical processes
  • Movement (inside/outside)
  • Active transport
  • Production of enzymes/hormones
  • Maintaining body temperature
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7
Q

What type of reaction is the breakdown of ATP?

What type of reaction is the formation of ATP?

A

ATP is hydrolysed to ADP and Pi.

ADP and Pi are condensed to form ATP.

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8
Q

How is ATP made in the LD reaction?

A

Chlorophyll absorbs light energy
2 electrons move to high energy levels and leave the chlorophyll molecule.
Electrons are taken up by electron carriers
Electrons are transferred along an electron transfer chain
Electrons loose energy at each stage, which is used to make ATP

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9
Q

How are electrons used up in the LD reaction replaced?

A

The electrons that are lost from the chlorophyll are replaced by electrons released during the photolysis of water where oxygen is released as a bi-product.

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10
Q

What is the net product of ATP in glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

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11
Q

What is made in the link reaction?

A

NADH, CO2 and Acetyl CoA.

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12
Q

When measuring respiration rate if an insect in a glass tube, why does the coloured dot move when the tap is closed off?

A

Oxygen is taken up by the respiring insect, and CO2 produced is taken up by the solution in the bottom of the tube. This change in pressure causes the drop to move.

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13
Q

What measurements do you need to calculate the rate of aerobic respiration of an insect in a glass tube?

A

Distance drop moves and time.
Mass of insect.
Diameter/ cross section/ radius if tube.

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14
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the light dependant reaction of photosynthesis?

A

NADP forming NADPH

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15
Q

What is cyclic photo phosphorylation?

A

Only involves PS1. The electrons aren’t passed on to NADP but are passed back to PS1 via electron carriers. This process only produces small amounts of ATP .

16
Q

Describe how the synthesis and breakdown of ATP meets the energy needs of a cell.

A

ATP is synthesised from ADP and inorganic phosphate. Using energy from an energy releasing reaction e.g. respiration. The energy is stored as chemical energy in the phosphate bond. ATP synthase catalyses this reaction. ATP then diffuses to the part of the cell that needs energy. Here its broken back into ADP and Pi. Catalysed by ATPase. Chemical energy is released from the phosphate bond and used by the cell.

17
Q

How is ribulose bisphosphate regenerated in the Calvin cycle?

A

It’s regenerated from triose phosphate. With energy provided from ATP.

18
Q

How many times does the Calvin cycle have to turn to make a hexose sugar?

A

6 times to make two molecules of TP to make one hexose sugar.

19
Q

What are four ways that conditions can be controlled in glasshouses to increase yields?

A

Burning propane to increase air CO2 concentration. Adding heaters to increase temperature. Adding coolers to decrease temperature. Adding lamps to provide light at night.

20
Q

What’s the equation to show how lactate is produced?

A

Pyruvate + reduced NAD&raquo_space; lactate + NAD