Energy Sources Flashcards
(178 cards)
1
Q
Energy
A
Capacity to do work (FxD)
2
Q
Kilo Calorie
A
Heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1 degree Celsius
3
Q
Six categories of nutrients
A
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water
4
Q
Vitamins
A
Micronutrient - Organic and can be broken down by heat, air, or acid
5
Q
Minerals
A
Micronutrient - Inorganic and hold on to their chemical structure
6
Q
Strong Bones
A
Combination of calcium, vitamin D, vitamin K, magnesium, and phosphorus
7
Q
Prevents birth defects
A
Take folic acid supplement early in pregnancy. Prevents brain/SC defect in offspring
8
Q
Protect teeth
A
Fluoride
9
Q
Forms of energy
A
- Chemical
- Electrical
- Heat
- Mechanical
10
Q
Plants convert sunlight to what
A
Carbohydrates
11
Q
Rapid, readily available source of energy
A
Carbohydrates
12
Q
3 forms of carbohydrates
A
- monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
- Polysaccharides
13
Q
Monosaccharides
A
glucose, fructose, galactose
14
Q
Disaccharides
A
maltose, sucrose
15
Q
Polysaccharides
A
starch, cellulose, glycogen
16
Q
Glycogenesis
A
Formation of glycogen from glucose
17
Q
Glycogenolysis
A
breaking down of glycogen into glucose
18
Q
what is the most useful simple carbohydrate
A
glucose
19
Q
Where are simple carbohydrates found?
A
Foods that are refined and packaged, such as sugar, honey, milk, and fruit juices (quick energy)
20
Q
Daily percent of calories from fat
A
20
21
Q
Daily percent of calories from carbs
A
50
22
Q
daily percent of calories from proteins
A
30
23
Q
Kcal from carbs, fat, proteins
A
4 kcal/g
9 kcal/g
4 kcal/g
24
Q
Do you produce lactic acid during ATP-PC system utilization?
A
No. because you are not using glucose at all
25
Plants convert sunlight to what?
Carbohydrates
26
Glucose is stored as what for later use?
Glycogen
27
Can tissues use glycogen
No must be broken down to glucose so the blood can carry it to tissues.
28
Atoms in carbohydrates
C, H, O
29
Most useful and simple carbohydrate
Glucose
30
Approx how much liver glycogen
100 grams
31
Approx how much muscle glycogen
400 grams
32
Long distance runners can store more of which type of glycogen
May store up to 700-800 grams of muscle glycogen
33
Sprint of 100 m shetty vs. bolt. Using the same energy system?
No. Shetty is using ATP-PC (anaerobic) Bolt is using aerobic
34
What source of energy is used in high intensity activities?
Carbohydrates/glucose
35
If you eat extra fat how is it stored
Stored as triglycerides
36
Chemical Structure of glucose
C6 H12 O6
37
Chemical structure of fat
C16 H32 O2
38
Energy consumption at rest (fat vs carbs
2/3 from fat
| 1/3 from carbs
39
saturated fat comes from where?
animal sources
40
unsaturated fat comes from where?
plant sources
41
Palmitic acid is an example of what type of energy source?
fat
42
Role of lipids in the body
1. Energy source and reserve
2. Protection of vital organs
3. Thermal insulation
4. Vitamin carrier
43
How many essential AA
9. Must be ingested by food. Cant be synthesized
44
How many unessential AA
11. Can be synthesized in the body
45
catabolic reaction
break down substrate into molecules
46
Anabolic reaction
forming a product from molecules
47
Can energy liberated through breakdown of food be used directly for work?
No. must go through ATP
48
Where does energy for muscular contraction come from
Breakdown of ATP
49
Where is ATP located to make muscle contraction
Located in cross bridges of muscle. Move muscle contraction when broken down
50
What is an immediate substrate that helps put ATP together
CP. Enzyme that combines with energy
51
ATP-PC do you deposit lactic acid?
No because you are not depositing glucose
52
What system is being used when you deposit lactic acid
Anaerobic glycolysis
53
Products of aerobic metabolism
CO2 and H2O
54
When is aerobic metabolism used?
rest, long duration exercise, low intensity activity
55
Products of anaerobic metabolism
CO2, energy, and lactic acid
56
What does lactic acid cause
decreases production of useful energy, diminishing intensity or speed of activity
57
Major energy source used during high intensity short duration activities
anaerobic metabolism. Lifting/sprinting
58
Energy source used in anaerobic metabolism
carbohydrates
59
Amount of energy produced by ATP-PC
7-12 kcal. lasts about 2-3 seconds
60
does sprinter or long distance runner replenish ATP faster?
sprinter
61
How to increase ATP-PC concentrations
short duration, high intensity activities
62
Once activity ceases what happens to ATP
hydrolysed to rebuild muscle stores
63
Approx amount of blood glucose
20 grams
64
What is the rate limiting enzyme in anaerobic metabolism
PFK
65
How many ATP produced with anaerobic glycolysis
2-3 ATP
66
PFK glucose converts to what in anaerobic glycolysis
pyruvic acid - then goes to lactic acid
67
Where does the krebs cycle take place
mitochondria
68
Substrates in aerobic metabolism
fat, carbs, protein
69
substrates in anaerobic metabolism
carbohydrates
70
where does anaerobic glycolysis take place?
cytoplasm (intracellular fluid)
71
Function of NAD and FAD
Electron carriers in the krebs cycle
72
Aerobic system: oxidation
Removal of hydrogen ions form substrates. Electrons are removed
73
Aerobic System: reduction
Ions and electrons are to be carried to the mitochondria for energy production. NAD (vitamin B) and FAD
74
How many ATP are produced by NAD and FAD
3 - NAD
2 - FAD
PRODUCED IN MITOCHONDRIA
75
Where does glycolysis take place
cytoplasm
76
Amount of ATP produced during aerobic glycolysis
36
77
Type of training to increase IM glycogen stores?
endurance training. Also increase the intensity of the activity aerobic metabolism
78
Oxidative phosphorylation
production of ATP by ETC
79
How many times does fat have to go through the krebs cycle to hydrolyze that molecule
may take up to 16 times
80
How much of the air you breath in is O2
20%
81
How much you breath out is O2
16%
82
Equation of minute ventilatoin
minute ventilation = RR x tidal volume
83
Approx avg. tidal volume
500 mL
84
Approx RR
10 breaths per min
85
Approx minute ventilation
5000 mL/min
86
Amount of air inhaled that is O2 dense
1000mL/min
87
Amount of air exhaled is O2
800 mL
88
Amount of air inhaled and used (O2)
200mL
89
approx amount of blood in body
5L
90
Blood lactate
10 mg x dL
91
how much lactic acid produced from blood lactate?
5 grams
92
What determines that type of energy system used
intensity and duration
93
RQ value for carbohydrates
1
94
RQ value for fats
0.70
95
RQ value for proteins
0.80
96
As intensity goes up on stress test what is RQ approaching and what energy substrate is used?
Approaching 1 and using carbohydrates
97
RQ values during rest
0.82
98
How much O2 needed to lift 1 kg
1.8 mL
99
if you lift 1 kg 3 times how much O2 is needed?
5.4 mL
100
Factors resulting in switch of metabolic substrate used for rest vs. exercise
1. carbohydrate metabolism produces more energy per liter of O2
2. More fast twitch muscle fibers are recruited
3. Hormonal changes (increase in epinephrine)
101
Lactate threshold
exercise intensity at which blood lactic acid exceeds resting concentration
102
Lactate threshold in untrained individuals
50-60% max O2 consumption
103
Lactate threshold in trained individuals
65-80% max O2 consumption
104
Aerobic metabolism at its best
1. increased mitochondria density and volume
| 2. Increased blood supply
105
Resting O2 consumption
3.5 mL/kg/min
106
1 MET
3.5 mL/kg/min
107
Direct calorimetry
measuring heat production to determine metabolic rate
108
Indirect calorimetry
Using oxygen utilized, CO2 produced, & their ratio to calculate metabolic rate
109
Resting energy use
1. basal metabolic rate
| 2. resting metabolic rate
110
1 L of oxygen produces how many kcal of energy?
5 kcal
111
What does RQ =
V carbon dioxide/ V Oxygen
112
1kgm = how much oxygen
1.8 mL
113
Resting value for RQ
0.82
114
Energy production for steady-state
aerobic metabolism
115
Main source of energy for 3 second sprint
Intramuscular PC and ATP
116
As blood lactate increases what happens to the pH
Decreases - more acidic
117
Lactic acid tolerance
60-70grams
118
How many kcal used for 1 ATP
10kcal
119
What system is used during oxygen debt?
Anaerobic contributes
120
MET
minimum level of energy required to sustain body's vital functions in resting state
121
The greatest amount of fat use occurs at what amount of aerobic capacity (VO2max)
60%
122
how many mets for walking up stairs
4.5
123
how many mets for walking
3-4
124
how many METS for sprinting
12-15
125
Lactate accumulation occurs at about how many METS
6
126
Blood pressure changes per MET increase
5-10 change in systolic blood pressure. Diastolic pressure should remain the same or slightly decrease
127
Alactaid
Recovering ATP-PC
128
Lactacid
removal of lactic acid
129
Duration for muscle glycogen replenishment
10 hours - continuous exercise
| 5 hours - intermittent exercise
130
Restoration of O2 stores
10-15 seconds (plasma,myoglobin)
131
Restoration of phosphagen stores
2 minutes
132
High blood lactate threshold
1. Slow twitch fibers
2. High VO2 max
3. High capillary density and mitochondria
133
Fate of Lactic acid
1. Excretion in urine
2. Conversion to glucose - need O2
3. Oxidation to CO2 and H2O
134
Pulmonary circulation
Blood from heart to lungs and back to heart
135
Peripheral circulation
Blood from heart to body and back to heart
136
Arteries
Large vessels that carry blood away from the heart
137
Arterioles
small branches of arteries
138
Capillaries
smallest vessels - site of gas exchange
139
veins
vessels that carry blood to the heart
140
Venules
small veins that carry blood toward the heart
141
Venous blood
blood returning to heart
142
Arterial blood
blood leaving the heart and going to the body or lungs
143
2 Atrioventricular valves
1. Tricuspid (R)
| 2. Bicuspid (L) - mitral
144
2 Semilunar
1. Pulmonary (R)
| 2. Aortic (L)
145
Pericardium
tough, membranous sac that encases the heart
146
blood flow from R ventricle to L atrium
Through pulmonary trunk, to pulmonary artery, to lungs, to pulmonary vein, to L atrium
147
Anastomosis
intercommunication btw 2 arteries ensuring blood flow to area even if one artery is blocked
148
Major arteries are located where
on the outer surface of the heart, so that they aren't compressed during contraction
149
Where is blood pressure the highest
Aorta
150
Systole
Contraction phase (blood pumped out of chamber
151
Diatole
Blood fills chamber
152
Pacemaker of the heart
SA node (sinoatrial)
153
What delays the impulse by 1/10 of a second allowing atria to contract before ventricle
Atrioventricular node
154
Purkinje fibers
rapidly spread impulse to contract through ventricles
155
Diastole trained vs. untrained
Longer in trained - decreases HR
156
Parasympathetic nerve fibers of the heart
decrease HR
157
sympathetic nerve fibers of the heart
Increase HR
158
Bradycardia
slow HR - often training induced
159
Metabolism of the heart
Uses aerobic metabolism - NO LACTIC ACID
160
Regular physical training and chronic HTN
1. Thickening of L ventricle wall
| 2. increase in L ventricular mass
161
Impulse transmission pathway
SA-AV-Bundle of His-Purkinje fibers
162
How long does it take for one cardiac cycle
0.80 seconds
163
What is happening during atrial depolarization?
Atrial contraction
164
What is happening during ventricular depolarization
Ventricular contraction and atrial relaxation
165
what is happening during ventricular repolarizaiton
ventricular relaxation
166
How does duration of the cardiac cycle change during exercise
Diastole time decreased so the time per cardiac cycle is decreased. Increased HR
167
how do you determine cardiac output
SV x HR
168
What is stroke volume
amount of blood pumped per contraction of the ventricles
169
Typical cardiac output for men and women
5 L/min for men and 4.5 L/min for women
170
Resting cardiac output trained vs untrained
same... Trained however have a lower HR and higher SV
171
End Diastolic Volume
blood in ventricles at end of diastole
172
End Systolic Volume
Blood in ventricles at end of systole
173
SV equation
SV = EDV - ESV
174
Ejection fraction equation
(SV/EDV) * 100... tells you how efficiently the heart is working
175
Higher ejection fraction does what to fatigue
Reduced fatigue
176
Endurance training EDV, SV, HR
1. Increased EDV
2. Increased SV
3. Decreased HR
177
Moderately/untrained people SV increases at what exercise intensity
40-50% peak O2 consumption
178
What happens to SV at high intensity levels
Decreases
