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Exercise Physiology > Energy Sources > Flashcards

Energy Sources Flashcards

1
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to do work (FxD)

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2
Q

Kilo Calorie

A

Heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1 degree Celsius

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3
Q

Six categories of nutrients

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water

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4
Q

Vitamins

A

Micronutrient - Organic and can be broken down by heat, air, or acid

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5
Q

Minerals

A

Micronutrient - Inorganic and hold on to their chemical structure

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6
Q

Strong Bones

A

Combination of calcium, vitamin D, vitamin K, magnesium, and phosphorus

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7
Q

Prevents birth defects

A

Take folic acid supplement early in pregnancy. Prevents brain/SC defect in offspring

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8
Q

Protect teeth

A

Fluoride

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9
Q

Forms of energy

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Electrical
  3. Heat
  4. Mechanical
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10
Q

Plants convert sunlight to what

A

Carbohydrates

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11
Q

Rapid, readily available source of energy

A

Carbohydrates

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12
Q

3 forms of carbohydrates

A
  1. monosaccharides
  2. Disaccharides
  3. Polysaccharides
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13
Q

Monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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14
Q

Disaccharides

A

maltose, sucrose

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15
Q

Polysaccharides

A

starch, cellulose, glycogen

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16
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Formation of glycogen from glucose

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17
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

breaking down of glycogen into glucose

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18
Q

what is the most useful simple carbohydrate

A

glucose

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19
Q

Where are simple carbohydrates found?

A

Foods that are refined and packaged, such as sugar, honey, milk, and fruit juices (quick energy)

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20
Q

Daily percent of calories from fat

A

20

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21
Q

Daily percent of calories from carbs

A

50

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22
Q

daily percent of calories from proteins

A

30

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23
Q

Kcal from carbs, fat, proteins

A

4 kcal/g
9 kcal/g
4 kcal/g

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24
Q

Do you produce lactic acid during ATP-PC system utilization?

A

No. because you are not using glucose at all

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25
Q

Plants convert sunlight to what?

A

Carbohydrates

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26
Q

Glucose is stored as what for later use?

A

Glycogen

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27
Q

Can tissues use glycogen

A

No must be broken down to glucose so the blood can carry it to tissues.

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28
Q

Atoms in carbohydrates

A

C, H, O

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29
Q

Most useful and simple carbohydrate

A

Glucose

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30
Q

Approx how much liver glycogen

A

100 grams

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31
Q

Approx how much muscle glycogen

A

400 grams

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32
Q

Long distance runners can store more of which type of glycogen

A

May store up to 700-800 grams of muscle glycogen

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33
Q

Sprint of 100 m shetty vs. bolt. Using the same energy system?

A

No. Shetty is using ATP-PC (anaerobic) Bolt is using aerobic

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34
Q

What source of energy is used in high intensity activities?

A

Carbohydrates/glucose

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35
Q

If you eat extra fat how is it stored

A

Stored as triglycerides

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36
Q

Chemical Structure of glucose

A

C6 H12 O6

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37
Q

Chemical structure of fat

A

C16 H32 O2

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38
Q

Energy consumption at rest (fat vs carbs

A

2/3 from fat

1/3 from carbs

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39
Q

saturated fat comes from where?

A

animal sources

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40
Q

unsaturated fat comes from where?

A

plant sources

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41
Q

Palmitic acid is an example of what type of energy source?

A

fat

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42
Q

Role of lipids in the body

A
  1. Energy source and reserve
  2. Protection of vital organs
  3. Thermal insulation
  4. Vitamin carrier
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43
Q

How many essential AA

A
  1. Must be ingested by food. Cant be synthesized
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44
Q

How many unessential AA

A
  1. Can be synthesized in the body
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45
Q

catabolic reaction

A

break down substrate into molecules

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46
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

forming a product from molecules

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47
Q

Can energy liberated through breakdown of food be used directly for work?

A

No. must go through ATP

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48
Q

Where does energy for muscular contraction come from

A

Breakdown of ATP

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49
Q

Where is ATP located to make muscle contraction

A

Located in cross bridges of muscle. Move muscle contraction when broken down

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50
Q

What is an immediate substrate that helps put ATP together

A

CP. Enzyme that combines with energy

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51
Q

ATP-PC do you deposit lactic acid?

A

No because you are not depositing glucose

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52
Q

What system is being used when you deposit lactic acid

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

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53
Q

Products of aerobic metabolism

A

CO2 and H2O

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54
Q

When is aerobic metabolism used?

A

rest, long duration exercise, low intensity activity

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55
Q

Products of anaerobic metabolism

A

CO2, energy, and lactic acid

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56
Q

What does lactic acid cause

A

decreases production of useful energy, diminishing intensity or speed of activity

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57
Q

Major energy source used during high intensity short duration activities

A

anaerobic metabolism. Lifting/sprinting

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58
Q

Energy source used in anaerobic metabolism

A

carbohydrates

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59
Q

Amount of energy produced by ATP-PC

A

7-12 kcal. lasts about 2-3 seconds

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60
Q

does sprinter or long distance runner replenish ATP faster?

A

sprinter

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61
Q

How to increase ATP-PC concentrations

A

short duration, high intensity activities

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62
Q

Once activity ceases what happens to ATP

A

hydrolysed to rebuild muscle stores

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63
Q

Approx amount of blood glucose

A

20 grams

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64
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in anaerobic metabolism

A

PFK

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65
Q

How many ATP produced with anaerobic glycolysis

A

2-3 ATP

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66
Q

PFK glucose converts to what in anaerobic glycolysis

A

pyruvic acid - then goes to lactic acid

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67
Q

Where does the krebs cycle take place

A

mitochondria

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68
Q

Substrates in aerobic metabolism

A

fat, carbs, protein

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69
Q

substrates in anaerobic metabolism

A

carbohydrates

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70
Q

where does anaerobic glycolysis take place?

A

cytoplasm (intracellular fluid)

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71
Q

Function of NAD and FAD

A

Electron carriers in the krebs cycle

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72
Q

Aerobic system: oxidation

A

Removal of hydrogen ions form substrates. Electrons are removed

73
Q

Aerobic System: reduction

A

Ions and electrons are to be carried to the mitochondria for energy production. NAD (vitamin B) and FAD

74
Q

How many ATP are produced by NAD and FAD

A

3 - NAD
2 - FAD
PRODUCED IN MITOCHONDRIA

75
Q

Where does glycolysis take place

76
Q

Amount of ATP produced during aerobic glycolysis

77
Q

Type of training to increase IM glycogen stores?

A

endurance training. Also increase the intensity of the activity aerobic metabolism

78
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

production of ATP by ETC

79
Q

How many times does fat have to go through the krebs cycle to hydrolyze that molecule

A

may take up to 16 times

80
Q

How much of the air you breath in is O2

81
Q

How much you breath out is O2

82
Q

Equation of minute ventilatoin

A

minute ventilation = RR x tidal volume

83
Q

Approx avg. tidal volume

84
Q

Approx RR

A

10 breaths per min

85
Q

Approx minute ventilation

A

5000 mL/min

86
Q

Amount of air inhaled that is O2 dense

A

1000mL/min

87
Q

Amount of air exhaled is O2

88
Q

Amount of air inhaled and used (O2)

89
Q

approx amount of blood in body

90
Q

Blood lactate

A

10 mg x dL

91
Q

how much lactic acid produced from blood lactate?

92
Q

What determines that type of energy system used

A

intensity and duration

93
Q

RQ value for carbohydrates

94
Q

RQ value for fats

95
Q

RQ value for proteins

96
Q

As intensity goes up on stress test what is RQ approaching and what energy substrate is used?

A

Approaching 1 and using carbohydrates

97
Q

RQ values during rest

98
Q

How much O2 needed to lift 1 kg

99
Q

if you lift 1 kg 3 times how much O2 is needed?

100
Q

Factors resulting in switch of metabolic substrate used for rest vs. exercise

A
  1. carbohydrate metabolism produces more energy per liter of O2
  2. More fast twitch muscle fibers are recruited
  3. Hormonal changes (increase in epinephrine)
101
Q

Lactate threshold

A

exercise intensity at which blood lactic acid exceeds resting concentration

102
Q

Lactate threshold in untrained individuals

A

50-60% max O2 consumption

103
Q

Lactate threshold in trained individuals

A

65-80% max O2 consumption

104
Q

Aerobic metabolism at its best

A
  1. increased mitochondria density and volume

2. Increased blood supply

105
Q

Resting O2 consumption

A

3.5 mL/kg/min

106
Q

1 MET

A

3.5 mL/kg/min

107
Q

Direct calorimetry

A

measuring heat production to determine metabolic rate

108
Q

Indirect calorimetry

A

Using oxygen utilized, CO2 produced, & their ratio to calculate metabolic rate

109
Q

Resting energy use

A
  1. basal metabolic rate

2. resting metabolic rate

110
Q

1 L of oxygen produces how many kcal of energy?

111
Q

What does RQ =

A

V carbon dioxide/ V Oxygen

112
Q

1kgm = how much oxygen

113
Q

Resting value for RQ

114
Q

Energy production for steady-state

A

aerobic metabolism

115
Q

Main source of energy for 3 second sprint

A

Intramuscular PC and ATP

116
Q

As blood lactate increases what happens to the pH

A

Decreases - more acidic

117
Q

Lactic acid tolerance

A

60-70grams

118
Q

How many kcal used for 1 ATP

119
Q

What system is used during oxygen debt?

A

Anaerobic contributes

120
Q

MET

A

minimum level of energy required to sustain body’s vital functions in resting state

121
Q

The greatest amount of fat use occurs at what amount of aerobic capacity (VO2max)

122
Q

how many mets for walking up stairs

123
Q

how many mets for walking

124
Q

how many METS for sprinting

125
Q

Lactate accumulation occurs at about how many METS

126
Q

Blood pressure changes per MET increase

A

5-10 change in systolic blood pressure. Diastolic pressure should remain the same or slightly decrease

127
Q

Alactaid

A

Recovering ATP-PC

128
Q

Lactacid

A

removal of lactic acid

129
Q

Duration for muscle glycogen replenishment

A

10 hours - continuous exercise

5 hours - intermittent exercise

130
Q

Restoration of O2 stores

A

10-15 seconds (plasma,myoglobin)

131
Q

Restoration of phosphagen stores

132
Q

High blood lactate threshold

A
  1. Slow twitch fibers
  2. High VO2 max
  3. High capillary density and mitochondria
133
Q

Fate of Lactic acid

A
  1. Excretion in urine
  2. Conversion to glucose - need O2
  3. Oxidation to CO2 and H2O
134
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Blood from heart to lungs and back to heart

135
Q

Peripheral circulation

A

Blood from heart to body and back to heart

136
Q

Arteries

A

Large vessels that carry blood away from the heart

137
Q

Arterioles

A

small branches of arteries

138
Q

Capillaries

A

smallest vessels - site of gas exchange

139
Q

veins

A

vessels that carry blood to the heart

140
Q

Venules

A

small veins that carry blood toward the heart

141
Q

Venous blood

A

blood returning to heart

142
Q

Arterial blood

A

blood leaving the heart and going to the body or lungs

143
Q

2 Atrioventricular valves

A
  1. Tricuspid (R)

2. Bicuspid (L) - mitral

144
Q

2 Semilunar

A
  1. Pulmonary (R)

2. Aortic (L)

145
Q

Pericardium

A

tough, membranous sac that encases the heart

146
Q

blood flow from R ventricle to L atrium

A

Through pulmonary trunk, to pulmonary artery, to lungs, to pulmonary vein, to L atrium

147
Q

Anastomosis

A

intercommunication btw 2 arteries ensuring blood flow to area even if one artery is blocked

148
Q

Major arteries are located where

A

on the outer surface of the heart, so that they aren’t compressed during contraction

149
Q

Where is blood pressure the highest

150
Q

Systole

A

Contraction phase (blood pumped out of chamber

151
Q

Diatole

A

Blood fills chamber

152
Q

Pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node (sinoatrial)

153
Q

What delays the impulse by 1/10 of a second allowing atria to contract before ventricle

A

Atrioventricular node

154
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

rapidly spread impulse to contract through ventricles

155
Q

Diastole trained vs. untrained

A

Longer in trained - decreases HR

156
Q

Parasympathetic nerve fibers of the heart

A

decrease HR

157
Q

sympathetic nerve fibers of the heart

A

Increase HR

158
Q

Bradycardia

A

slow HR - often training induced

159
Q

Metabolism of the heart

A

Uses aerobic metabolism - NO LACTIC ACID

160
Q

Regular physical training and chronic HTN

A
  1. Thickening of L ventricle wall

2. increase in L ventricular mass

161
Q

Impulse transmission pathway

A

SA-AV-Bundle of His-Purkinje fibers

162
Q

How long does it take for one cardiac cycle

A

0.80 seconds

163
Q

What is happening during atrial depolarization?

A

Atrial contraction

164
Q

What is happening during ventricular depolarization

A

Ventricular contraction and atrial relaxation

165
Q

what is happening during ventricular repolarizaiton

A

ventricular relaxation

166
Q

How does duration of the cardiac cycle change during exercise

A

Diastole time decreased so the time per cardiac cycle is decreased. Increased HR

167
Q

how do you determine cardiac output

168
Q

What is stroke volume

A

amount of blood pumped per contraction of the ventricles

169
Q

Typical cardiac output for men and women

A

5 L/min for men and 4.5 L/min for women

170
Q

Resting cardiac output trained vs untrained

A

same… Trained however have a lower HR and higher SV

171
Q

End Diastolic Volume

A

blood in ventricles at end of diastole

172
Q

End Systolic Volume

A

Blood in ventricles at end of systole

173
Q

SV equation

A

SV = EDV - ESV

174
Q

Ejection fraction equation

A

(SV/EDV) * 100… tells you how efficiently the heart is working

175
Q

Higher ejection fraction does what to fatigue

A

Reduced fatigue

176
Q

Endurance training EDV, SV, HR

A
  1. Increased EDV
  2. Increased SV
  3. Decreased HR
177
Q

Moderately/untrained people SV increases at what exercise intensity

A

40-50% peak O2 consumption

178
Q

What happens to SV at high intensity levels

Exercise Physiology (3 decks)

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