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Exercise Physiology > Cardio and Pulmonary > Flashcards

Cardio and Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

Resting HR for trained vs. untrained

A

Trained person has a lower resting HR.

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2
Q

Stroke volume for trained vs. untrained

A

SV is higher for a trained person

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3
Q

Equation for cardiac output

A

HR x SV

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4
Q

Once SV reaches max, any increase in cardiac output is due to what

A

Increased HR

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5
Q

What does the QRS complex of the ECG represent

A

Ventricular Depolarization

Atrial Repolarization/relaxation

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6
Q

Duration of QRS complex

A

0.08 seconds

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7
Q

What does the P wave of the ECG represent

A

Represents atrial depolarization/contraction

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8
Q

What does the T wave of ECG represent?

A

ventricular repolarizaiton (ventricular filling takes place)

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9
Q

What does two R waves represent

A

HR

Distance represents duration of contractions

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10
Q

The heart responds to training stimulus just like any other muscle. T/F

A

True

same as skeletal muscle, except has intercalated discs

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11
Q

Does blood flow to hear muscle increase by more than 4 fold during max work?

A

Yes

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12
Q

How are max cardiac output and max VO2 related?

A

linearly related.
Diastolic BP stays the same
Systolic BP will increase
Correlated at 0.90

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13
Q

SV reaches max value at what % for trained vs. untrained?

A

SV reaches max value at about 50% VO2 max for untrained

SV reaches max value at about 70-75% VO2 max for trained

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14
Q

Describe why heart can be considered two separate pumps

A

atria and ventricles each contract together

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15
Q

Where do the superior and inferior vena cava return blood to

A

Right atrium

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16
Q

What kind of blood does the pulmonary vein carry?

A

oxygenated blood

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17
Q

Does the aorta contain oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

Oxygenated, Pressure of aorta is highest

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18
Q

Where does the mitral valve control blood flow

A

btw left atrium and left ventricle

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19
Q

What causes a heart murmur

A

valve is not closing completely. will have back flow of blood from left ventricle to left atrium

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20
Q

What happens to SV during heart murmur

A

SV will decrease

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21
Q

What happens to HR during heart murmur

A

HR will increase. Heart has to work harder to keep up with O2 demand

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22
Q

About what percentage of females will have a mitral valve prolapse?

A

10-15%

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23
Q

What are the phases of a cardiac cycle?

A

Systole and diastole

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24
Q

What is systole

A

Contraction of ventricles

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25
Q

What is diastole

A

Relaxation of ventricles (filling takes place from ST segment to P wave

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26
Q

What happens to duration of diastole during exercise?

A

Decreases

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27
Q

What is the contractile phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

Systole

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28
Q

What is the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

Diastole

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29
Q

Where is SA node located

A

Posterior wall of Right Atrium

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30
Q

What does the PR interval represent

A

Time required for depolarization wave to pass through both atria

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31
Q

R to R interval represents what?

A

one complete cardiac cycle. Contraction to contraction

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32
Q

Normal heart sounds are a result of vibrations of the heart valves as the ____.

A

Close

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33
Q

Pressure comparison btw Right ventricle and Left ventricle

A

Right is 1/6 as great as left pressure

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34
Q

during one minute period amount of blood entering right atrium compared to amount of blood ejected from left ventricle

A

Amount equal

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35
Q

Amount of O2 needed to lift object of same weight the same height for trained vs. untrained

A

Same amount of O2 needed.
Start using different systems.
Trained will recover O2 faster

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36
Q

Max cardiac output for trained vs. untrained

A

Greater in trained.

Not unusual for trained to exceed 25-30 liters per minute

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37
Q

Higher maximal cardiac output in relation to aerobic power

A

Higher max cardiac output = higher aerobic power.

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38
Q

Resting SV for trained vs untrained

A

SV is greater at rest for trained.

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39
Q

HR in relation to intensity for trained vs. untrained

A

HR is relatively slower for trained

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40
Q

What does an increase in a-vo2 difference during exercise mean

A

larger percentage of available O2 being extracted from blood as it passes through muscle beds.

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41
Q

Effect of training on maximal a-vo2 difference

A 
Training enhances a-vo2 difference.  
Increased capillary density
Increased mitochondria density
increased blood volume
Higher extraction level
higher VO2 max
Higher aerobic metabolism system effects
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42
Q

Resistance to blood flow during exercise

A

Decreases

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43
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

blood from heart to lungs and back to heart

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44
Q

Peripheral circulation

A

blood from heart to body and back to heart

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45
Q

arteries

A

large vessels that carry blood away from heart

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46
Q

arterioles

A

small branches of arteries

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47
Q

Capillaries

A

smallest vessels. Site of gas and nutrient exchange

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48
Q

Veins

A

vessels that carry blood back to heart

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49
Q

Venules

A

small veins that carry blood to heart

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50
Q

Venous blood

A

blood returning to heart

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51
Q

Arterial blood

A

blood leaving heart and going to body/lungs

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52
Q

2 semilunar valves

A

pulmonary (R) and aortic (L)

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53
Q

2 atrioventricular valves

A

Tricuspid (R) and Bicuspid/mitral (L)

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54
Q

where is blood pressure highest?

A

aorta

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55
Q

Diastole for trained vs. untrained

A

longer for trained - slower HR

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56
Q

Tachycardia

A

Fast HR

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57
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slow HR (often training induced)

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58
Q

Sympathetic neve fibers

A

increase HR

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59
Q

parasympathetic nerve fibers

A

Decrease HR

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60
Q

Effect of endurance training on HR

A

Decreases HR

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61
Q

Syncytial contraction

A

fibers contract simultaneously

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62
Q

Effect of steroids on heart

A

Increase size of heart but must work harder because less volume

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63
Q

Heart has high mitochondrial density. What does this mean?

A

high capacity for aerobic metabolism. NO LACTIC ACID

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64
Q

Which chamber of heart is thickest

A

Left ventricle. supplies whole body with blood

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65
Q

Effect of HTN on SV

A

SV is less for NTN

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66
Q

Pathway of impulse transmission

A

SA node - AV node - Bundle of His - Purkinje fibers

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67
Q

Time for one cardiac cycle?

A

0.80 seconds

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68
Q

Time for cardiac cycle during exercise

A

Shorter than at rest (less than 0.80 seconds)

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69
Q

ST segment

A

Ventriclar repolarization

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70
Q

SV

A

amount of blood pumped per contraction

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71
Q

Amount of cardiac output

A 
Men = 5 L/min
Women = 4.5 L/min
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72
Q

Resting cardiac output trained vs. untrained

A

same

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73
Q

EDV

A

blood in ventricle at end of diastole

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74
Q

ESV

A

blood in ventricles at end of systole

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75
Q

SV equation

A

EDV (mL) - ESV (mL)

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76
Q

Ejection Fraction (EF)

A

ratio of available blood to pumped blood.

EF = (SV/EDV) * 100

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77
Q

ejection fraction and fatigue

A

higher ejection fraction = less fatigue

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78
Q

EDV, SV, HR with endurance training

A

Increases EDV and SV

Decreases HR

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79
Q

High intensity level and SV

A

Will actually see a decrease in SV

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80
Q

What will increase the flow of blood

A

decreased resistance and increased radius of vessel

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81
Q

Rate of flow is proportional to what

A

pressure difference btw 2 ends of vessel or btw 2 chambers

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82
Q

Is BP higher during diastole or systole?

A

systole

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83
Q

Increased cardiac output effect on BP

A

increased BP

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84
Q

Increased capacitance (distensibility)

A

Decreased BP

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85
Q

Typical resting BP

A

120/80 mm Hg

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86
Q

Plasma percent of blood volume

A

55-60% total blood volume

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87
Q

Plasma concentration during exercise?

A

may decrease in volume as much as 10% during intense physical activity

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88
Q

Formed elements composition of blood

A

make up 40-45%
RBC - 99%
WBC - 1 %

89
Q

Platelets composition of blood

A

important for clotting

90
Q

Hematocrit

A

percentage of total blood volume composed of formed elements

91
Q

Normal WBC level

A

3,500-10,500

92
Q

Normal Hemoglobin

A 
Males = 13.5-17.5 
Females = 12-15.5
93
Q

Normal platelets

A

150,000 - 450,000

94
Q

Concerning level for WBC

A

below 1000

95
Q

Concerning level for hemoglobin

A

below 8

96
Q

Concerning level for platelets

A

below 20,000

97
Q

RBC transport O2 via what ?

A

hemoglobin

98
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

protein (globin) and iron-containing pigment (heme) necessary for binding O2

99
Q

Where are RBC produced

A

bone marrow of long bones

100
Q

Lifespan of RBC

A

4 months

101
Q

At a high altitude what happens to concentration of hemoglobin

A

Higher hemoglobin - can carry more O2

102
Q

Plasma volume at onset of aerobic exercise

A

substantial decrease in plasma volume

103
Q

Chronic effect of long-term aerobic training and plasma volume

A

plasma volume increases 12-20%

104
Q

Acute effect on weight training plasma volume

A

plasma volume decreases 0-22%

105
Q

a-vo2 diff at rest

A

5mL O2 per 100 mL of blood

106
Q

a-vo2 diff during exercise

A

increases to 15 mL O2 per 100mL of blood

107
Q

Amount of O2 consumed per minute at rest

A

250-300 mL O2 per minute

108
Q

Amount O2 consumed per minute during exercise

A

around 750 mL O2 per minute

109
Q

Fick Equation

A

Oxygen delivery = blood flow x a-vO2 diff

110
Q

Equation for VO2

A

VO2 = Q x a-vO2 diff

111
Q

increase in Q or a-vO2 effect on VO2

A

Increases VO2 for whole body

112
Q

Amount of cardiac output to skeletal muscles at rest?

A

15-20% of cardiac output to skeletal muscles at rest

113
Q

Amount of cardiac output to skeletal muscles during maximal exercise

A

80-85% of cardiac output to skeletal muscles during exercise

114
Q

Factors that affect redistribution of blood

A

parallel circuitry
vasodilation
vasoconstriction
precapillary sphincters

115
Q

Vasodilation

A

increased radius of vessel

116
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Decreased radius of vessel

117
Q

percentage of capillary beds inactive during rest

A

80-85% of capillary beds are inactive during rest. When you start doing exercise capillaries open and supply O2 to working muscles

118
Q

What happens to veins during exercise

A

vasoconstriction

119
Q

Release of norepinephrine by sympathetic nerves

A

causes vasoconstriction

120
Q

Release of epinephrine by sympathetic nerves

A

Vasoconstriction (veins)

Vasodilation (arteries)

121
Q

Extrinsic control of vasoconstriction/vasodilation

A

release of norepinephrine and epinephrine

122
Q

Intrinsic control of vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

autoregulation

123
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Carotid sinus and blood lactic acid level - send signal to brain to increase/decrease intensity

124
Q

venous return is aided by what

A

muscle pump. Riding in airplane/car. do ankle pumps

125
Q

When you breathe in what happens to pressure in chest cavity

A

Decreases

126
Q

Equation for minute ventilation

A

minute ventilation = tidal volume x RR

127
Q

Slowing down breathing will have what effect on tidal volume and RR

A

increased tidal volume and decreased RR

128
Q

Respiratory path

A

Trachea bifurcates into L and R bronchi, then branches to bronchioles, then terminal bronchioles, then have respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

129
Q

What happens to alveoli with asthma

A

Alveoli collapse - air trapped in alveoli

130
Q

Function respiratory system

A
  1. conducts air into/out of lungs
  2. Exchanges gases btw air/blood
  3. Humidifies air - prevents damage to membranes due to drying out
  4. warms air - helps maintain body temp
  5. Filters air - mucus traps airborne particles, cilia move mucus toward oral cavity to be expelled
131
Q

What is site of gas exchange for O2 and CO2

A

Alveoli

132
Q

how many alveoli in lungs

A

300 million

133
Q

Visceral (pulmonary) pleura

A

outer surface of lungs

134
Q

Parietal pleura

A

inner suface of thoracic cavity and diaphragm

135
Q

pleural fluid

A

lubricating fluid btw two membranes

136
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

pressure in pleural cavity btw 2 membranes; less than atmospheric pressure

137
Q

Volume and pressure when chest expands just before air rushes in

A

Increased volume in intrathoracic area and decreased pressure

138
Q

What muscles cause intrathoracic cavity to increase

A

diaphragm, SCM, external intercostals

139
Q

Decreased in volume intrathoracic cavity

A
  1. decreased lung volume
  2. Increaed intrapulmonic pressure
  3. Air rushes out of lungs (expiration)
140
Q

Most important inspiratory muscle

A

Diaphragm. flattens as it contracts

141
Q

Contraction of diaphragm pushes abdominal contents in what direction

A

forward and downward

142
Q

muscles that elevate ribs

A

external intercostals, scalene, SCM, pectorals minor

143
Q

Expiration muscle effort at rest from?

A

no muscular effort is needed at rest

144
Q

What decreases intrathoracic cavity volume (expiration)

A

passive recoil of diaphragm and other muscles

145
Q

Muscles pulling ribs down during expiration during exercise

A

internal intercostals, recuts abdominus, internal obliques of abdominal wall

146
Q

Airflow equation

A

P1-P2/resistance

147
Q

What is P1-P2

A

difference btw 2 areas and resistance is resistance to airflow btw 2 areas

148
Q

What can increase airflow?

A

amplifying pressure difference btw 2 areas and decreasing resistance to airflow

149
Q

What is the biggest factor affecting airflow

A

diameter of airway

150
Q

Exercise and bronchodilation

A

During exercise bronchodilation decreases resistance to airflow

151
Q

smoking effect on airflow

A

increases resistance to airflow

152
Q

Tidal volume

A

amount of air moved per breath

153
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

amount of air moved into and out of lungs in a given time period

154
Q

volume of air per min equaiton

A

VE = VT x f.

VE = volume expired per min
VT = tidal volume
f = breathing freq. per min
155
Q

Pulmonary ventilation trained vs. untrained

A

Greater in trained athletes

156
Q

Pulmonary ventilation equation

A

Pulmonary ventilation = anatomical deadspace + alveolar ventilation

157
Q

Residual volume

A

air left in lungs after max exhalation

158
Q

Frequency/depth of breathing and exercise

A
  1. increase depth of breathing first after onset of exercise

2. if increase in depth not sufficient, rate of breathing increases

159
Q

As we age or with a pathology what happens to residual volume

A

It increases, because trapped and cannot breathe out because recoil of alveoli is not there

160
Q

During exercise what increases dynamic lung volumes?

A

tidal volume increases

inspiratory capacity increases

161
Q

Slight decrease in dynamic lung volume with exercise

A
  1. Total lung capacity
  2. residual lung volume
  3. forced vital capacity
162
Q

What decreases in dynamic lung volume with exercise

A
  1. inspiratory reserve volume
  2. expiratory reserve volume
  3. functional residual capacity
163
Q

As we age what happens to tidal volume and inspiratory volume

A

decreases

164
Q

FEV1-to-FVC ratio normal percentage

A

85%

165
Q

FEV1-to-FVC ratio for obstructive lung disease (asthma-emphysema)

A

less than 70% can’t expel 3,500 mL

166
Q

FEV1-to-FVC for pulmonary fibrosis (restrictive)

A

90%. can have poor posture

167
Q

Partial Pressure

A

Portion of pressure due to a particular gas in a mixture

168
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

total pressure of gas mixture = some of partial pressure of each gas

169
Q

Henry’s Law

A

amount of gas dissolved in any fluid depends on temperature, partial pressure of gas, and solubility of gas

170
Q

Oxygen diffusion

A

partial pressure of O2 (PO2) must be greater in alveoli than blood , and greater in blood than tissue

171
Q

PO2 at sea level

A

159.1 mm Hg

172
Q

PO2 in alveoli

A

105 mm Hg

173
Q

PO2 in arterial blood entering the lungs

A

40 mm Hg

174
Q

PO2 in blood leaving the lungs

A

100 mm Hg

175
Q

PO2 in tissues

A

40 mm Hg

176
Q

difference btw PO2 in alvoli and blood?

A

65 mm Hg

177
Q

difference btw PO2 btw blood and tissues

A

60 mm Hg. provides driving force for diffusion

178
Q

What vessel delivers blood to the lungs?

A

pulmonary artery

179
Q

Blood leaves the lungs via?

A

pulmonary vein

180
Q

Partal pressure of CO2

A

must be greater in the blood than the alveoli and greater in tissues than blood

181
Q

PCO2 in atmospheric air

A

0.20 mm Hg

182
Q

PCO2 in alveoli

A

40 mm Hg

183
Q

PCO2 in arterial blood entering the lungs

A

46 mm Hg

184
Q

PCO2 in blood leaving the lungs

A

40 mm Hg

185
Q

PCO2 in tissues

A

46 mm Hg

186
Q

Difference btw alveoli and blood PCO2

A

6 mm Hg

187
Q

Difference btw blood and tissue PCO2

A

6 mm Hg

188
Q

How long does it take for equilibration of oxygen btw alveoli air and lung capillary blood?

A

0.25 seconds

189
Q

RBC containing hemoglobin transfer what percentage of O2

A

98%

190
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

oxygen bound to hemoglobin

191
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

hemoglobin not bound to oxygen

192
Q

Do males or females have higher hemoglobin levels

A

males

193
Q

If oxyhemoglobin level less than 93% what happens

A

feel sluggish

194
Q

Oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve Increased temperature

A

Shifts curve right and decreases affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

195
Q

Oxyhemoglobin disassociatin curve decreased temperature

A

shifts curve to the left and increases affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

196
Q

Oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve increased acidity (DECREASED pH)

A

shifts curve right and decreases affinity of hemoglobin for O2

197
Q

Oxyhemoglobin disassociatin curve Decreased acidity (INCREASED pH)

A

Shift curve left and increased affinity of hemoglobin for O2

198
Q

Oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve 2,3diphosphoglycerage (2,3 DPG) Increased 2, 3 DPG

A

Shifts curve right and decreases affinity of hemoglobin for O2

199
Q

Oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve 2, 3 DPG decreased

A

shifts curve to left and increases affinity of hemoglobin for O2

200
Q

Carbon dioxide transport

A
  1. Dissolved in plasma (7-10%)
  2. Bound to hemoglobin (20%)
  3. Transported as bicarbonate (70%)
201
Q

What happens to hemoglobin concentration during exercise

A

Increases anywhere from 5-10%

202
Q

Each gram of Hb can combine with 1.34 mL O2 so what is Hb if full saturation achieved males. (OXYGEN CAPACITY)

A

16 * 1.34 = 21.4%

203
Q

are males or females typically more anemic

A

Females

204
Q

Effect of sweating on hemoconcentration

A

sweating increases hemoconcentration

205
Q

Percent saturation equation

A

(O2 content of Hgb/O2 capacity of Hgb) * 100

206
Q

EX. O2 capacity is 20% and amount of O2 actually combined. What is percent saturation?

A

50%

207
Q

Obesity hyperventilation syndrome

A

poor breathing leads to too much carbon dioxide and too little O2

  1. Defect in brain’s control of breathing
  2. Excessive fatty -tissue weight against chest wall
208
Q

Transplanted patient HR and SV compared to normal

A

Transpant pt. has higher HR at rest and HR increases more slowly than normal during exercise.. SV is lower

209
Q

What serves as oxygen reserve at start of exercise?

A

myoglobin

210
Q

Where is myoglobin found?

A

In skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

211
Q

Resting minute ventilation may vary from 10-25 breaths per min T/F

A

True

212
Q

What is anatomical dead space

A

respiratory passage where no gas exchange occurs btw lungs and blood

213
Q

Anatomical headspace can represent small portion total lung volume - amount less 50mL

A

True

214
Q

What level can max min ventilation reach in well trained male athletes

A

180 males and 130 liters females

215
Q

What effect does cigarette smoking have on airway resistance?

A

Increases airway resistance

216
Q

If there an anticipatory rise in ventilation just prior to start of exercise

A

yes

217
Q

What happens to the lung if it detaches from the first rib?

A

the lung would collapse

218
Q

Min ventilation during exercise and CO2 production

A

increase is proportional. Min ventilation depends on CO2 produced

219
Q

Rate and depth of breathing can be modified by

A
  1. Higher brain centers
  2. Chemoreceptors in the medulla
  3. Other peripheral inputs

Exercise Physiology (3 decks)

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