Energy reserves

Question 1

Energy storage as molecules

Answer 1

• Protein
• Carbohydrate
• Lipids.
• Important when energetic output is greater than input.

Question 2

Energy Reserves, Proteins:

Answer 2

• Enzyme proteins, regulate biochemical reactions.
• Muscle proteins, for locomotion.
• Structural proteins, for structural properties of tissues.
• Amino acids can’t be stored for energy so are deaminated and used for instant energy.

Question 3

Energy reserves - Carbohydrates

Answer 3

• Structural support to shape the cells, chitin, and cellulose.
• Transport compounds, mono or disaccharides.
• Storage compounds, starch, and glycogen. Polysaccharides

Question 4

Energy reserves - lipids

Answer 4

• Principle component of cell and intracellular membranes
• Make hormones
• storage compounds - high energy value in energy value per unit weight
  -making breaking storing and mobilising fats - core process to regulate energy

Question 5

Blubber:

Answer 5

• Insulation, buoyancy, body shape, biological spring, energy stores.
• Reproduction and lactation spatially and temporally separated.
• Switch to fat-based metabolism during lactation

Question 6

Starvation - starved

Answer 6

result to preferentially metabolized lipids and preserved carbohydrate reserves

Question 7

• Starved and parasitized

Answer 7

lower lipid concentrations, preferentially metabolized carbohydrates.

Question 8

Options under starvation:

Answer 8

• Conserve lipids by reducing metabolic rate.
• Metabolize lipids first, then protein.
• Conserve lipids for other purposes and metabolize protein.

Question 9

Starvation and microplastics:

Answer 9

• Feeding decreases as microplastics increase.
• Sediment with UPVC causes 50% less energy reserves.

Question 10

Corals - energy reserves

Answer 10

Endosymbiotic algae photosynthesize more than their daily metabolic needs and translocate fixed C to the coral hist, often providing >100% daily metabolic requirements.

Question 11

bleaching corals

Answer 11

• Survival following bleaching was strongly influenced by remaining lipid reserves, rates of heterotrophy and rates of photopigment recovery.
• Bleach coral 1: decreased storage lipids.
• Bleached coral 2: Decreased triacylglycerol and wax esters, increased diacylglycerol.
• 75% of C in new lipids of bleached corals is from heterotrophy/feeding.
• Stored lipids are critical when they are bleached, up to 11 months to fully recover.
• Effect on different lipid classes varies across coral species.