Energy Requirement

Question 1

What are nutrients?

Answer 1

Substances that must be supplied by the diet

Question 2

What are macronutrients?

Answer 2

Substances which are needed in gram quantites in the diet, including carbohydrates, fats and proteins

Question 3

What are micronutrients?

Answer 3

Substances which are needed in milligram or microgram quantities in the diet, such as vitamins and minerals

Question 4

What nutrient requirements need to be met in the diet?

Answer 4

Calorie intake
Essential amino acids
Essential fatty acids
Micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals

Question 5

What are conditionally essential nutrients?

Answer 5

Not required in the diet under normal conditions

Question 6

Which groups of people must conditionally essential nutrients be provided to?

Answer 6

Individuals who do not synthesize them in adequate amounts such as:
1. People with genetic defects
2. Pathologc states
3. Developmentally immature infants

Question 7

What is a calorie (cal)?

Answer 7

Amount of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C

Question 8

1000 cal = ?

Answer 8

Kilocalorie (kcal) or Cal

Capital C on Cal represent 1000 cal

Question 9

1 Cal = x kJ

Answer 9

1 Cal = 4.2 kJ

Question 10

How do the nutrients provide energy to the body?

Answer 10

Oxidation of dietary protein, fat, carbohydrate and alcohol through ATP

Question 11

What are the major components of energy utilization?

Answer 11

Basal Energy Expenditure (BEE)/Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Physical activity
Energy cost of metabolizing food (thermic effect of food or diet induced thermogenesis)

Additionally: Shivering thermogenesis, growth, repair of damaged tissues and other normal functions

Question 12

How can Total Energy Expenditure be calculated?

Answer 12

Total Energy Expenditure = BEE + DIT + Physical activity + Expenditure through shivering thermogenesis

Question 13

What is BMR?

Answer 13

Energy required by an awake individual during physical, emotional and digestive rest

Metabolic rate during sleep is less than BMR

Question 14

What vital functions are sustained during BMR?

Answer 14

Working of heart
Circulation
Brain function
Respiration
Urine formation
Maintenance of body temperature

Question 15

In what conditions should BMR be measured?

Answer 15

Highly standardized conditions while the subject is resting after overnight sleep in a comfortably warm room, not having eaten for 12 hours
Subject should be emotionally relaxed.

Question 16

What are some factors which affect the BMR?

Answer 16

Age: Maximum in children minimum in old age
Gender: Women have lower BMR than men
Body Surface Area: BMR proportional to surface area
Climate (Environmental Temperature): BMR is increased in cold climate
Exercise: Trained athletes and manual workers have a higher BMR than the sedentary workers
State of Nutrition: BMR is lowered during fasting, starvation and in wasting diseases as a compensation to decreased intake
Pregnancy: The BMR is raised in the last trimester of pregnancy
Hormones: Thyroid hormone have stimulant effect on BMR. In hyperthyroidism BMR increased while in Hypothyroidism BMR is decreased
Pathological conditions: Fever, diseases and drugs like caffeine, alcohol and other medications can affect BMR

Question 17

What is the importance of BMR estimation?

Answer 17

Diagnostic Aid: Used to be done to assess thyroid function
Calculation of Calorie Requirements: BMR is used to plan nutrition keeping in view their calorie requirements
Effect of Food & Drugs: Effect of different types of foods and drugs on BMR

Question 18

BMR in adult men and women

Answer 18

Men = 1600 cal/day
Women = 1400 cal/day

Question 19

What equation is used to estimate the BEE?

Answer 19

Harris-Benedict Equation

Question 20

What are the four possible physical activity levels?

Answer 20

Light work
Moderate work
Heavy work
Very heavy work

Question 21

What is diet induced thermogenesis/specific dynamic action?

Answer 21

Energy needed to digest, absorb, distribute and metabolize nutrients after ingestion of food

Question 22

What percentage of total calorie intake comes from DIT?

Answer 22

10%

Question 23

SDA of major macronutrients?

Answer 23

Proteins = 30%
Lipids = 15%
Carbohydrate = 5% calories injested

Question 24

What are the methods of measuring energy expenditure?

Answer 24

Direct calorimetry
Indirect calorimetry

Question 25

What is energy balance?

Answer 25

Differene between caloric intake and energy output

Question 26

When caloric content < energy output

Answer 26

Individual loses weight

Question 27

When caloric content > energy output

Answer 27

Inidividual gains weight

Question 28

Calorie consumption of males and females/day

Answer 28

Male = 2500 kcal/day
Female = 2000 kcal/day

Question 29

Energy yields of metabolic fluids

Answer 29