Energy production Flashcards
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
When water is added to ATP, one phosphate group is removed, releasing energy via what reaction?
Hydrolysis
What is ATP used for in the body?
ATP is the energy currency of the body and the body has to synthesis it before it can use it.
List the minerals that make up ATP complex. Name the different parts of the cell that makes ATP.
ATP is always present as a magnesium: ATP complex. Magnesium binds to phosphate groups in ATP making a complex. Cytosol and mitochondria
What are the functions of ATP?
- Capture the energy from oxidation reactions.
- Drive synthetic reaction
- Fuel movement
- Transport substances across membranes
- Cell division
What are the two ways to make ATP?
- Substrate level phosphorylation - happens in the cytosol of cells..
- Oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain - occurs in the mitochondria of cells.
What are the two energy carrying molecules?
NAD+ and FAD
Which vitamin is NAD derived from?
Niacin (B3)
Which vitamin is FAD derived from?
Riboflavin (B2)
What are the 4 steps of cellular respiration?
- Glycolysis or anaerobic respiration
- Formation of Acetyl-CoA
- Kreb Cycle
- Electron Transport Chain
What is the energy made from glycolysis?
- 2 ATP
- 2 NADH
- 2 Pyruvate
Explain the process one molecule of glucose goes through in anaerobic respiration and the amount of ATP produced.
One glucose molecule is transformed into two pyruvate molecules. There is an input of 2 ATP molecules and an output of 4 ATP molecules, therefore net gain of 2 ATP. Glycolysis also results in the production of 2 molecules of NADH. These can be used to make more ATP later on in the electron transport chain if oxygen is available!
Coenzyme A is a carrier molecule which is a form of which vitamin and how is the energy carried?
Pantothenic Acid (B5). Easily transferable high energy bond with an acetyl group. New form known as Acetyl CoA.
What energy is produced from the Kreb Cycle for each pyruvate?
- 2 ATP
- 6 NADH
- 2 FADH2
Where do the electron carriers NADH and FADH2 transfer their electrons?
Electron Transport Chain
What is happening in the electron transport chain?
The energy lost from the electrons is used to pump H+ across the membrane. Thus creating a H+ gradient where there are more H ions on one side than the other.
What are the names of the enzymes in the electron transport chain?
Complex 1 - NADH dehydrogenase
Complex 2 - Succinate dehydrogenase
Complex 3 - Cytochrome reductase
Complex 4 - Cytochrome oxidase
What happens in oxidative phosphorylation?
H ions go back into the matrix through ATP synthase producing ATP.
Why is the energy produced from FADH2 lower than NADH?
The electrons from FADH2 enter the electron transport chain at complex 2 so there is only enough energy released to make 2 ATP.
Briefly list steps of the Kreb Cycle
Pyruvate (3C) Oxaloaccetate (4C) Citrate (6C) Isocitrate (6C) a-ketoglutarate (5C) Succincyl CoA (4C) Succinate (4C) Fumarate (4C) Malate (4C) Oxaloaccetate (4C)
What is the net result that 1 molecule of glucose can make during aerobic respiration?
38 ATP
What is fat metabolism stimulated by?
Epinephrine, inhibited by insulin.
What are fatty acids carried by to the liver and what happens here?
serum albumin where oxidation occurs.
What is beta oxidation and how is it used by the body?
Beta oxidation converts fatty acids to molecules of Acetyl CoA which then enters the Kreb Cycle just like carbohydrates.
Fatty acids are ? so they can penetrate the plasma membrane. Once in the ?, a fatty acid reacts with ? and ? to form a fatty ?. L-carnitine helps transport the fatty acids into the ?.
hydrophobic cytosol ATP Coenzyme A Acyl-CoA Mitochondria
Beat oxidation has a series of 4 repetitive steps, name them.
- oxidation by FAD
- hydration
- oxidation by NAD+
- Thiolysis
Give 4 functions of fatty acids.
- holding cell membrane proteins
- controlling transport of substances into and out of cells.
- cell to cell communication
- foetal brain development
