Carbohydrates

Question 1

What do monosaccharides consist of?

Answer 1

Glucose, fructose, galactose (simple sugars), deoxyribose and ribose.

Question 2

What do disaccharides consist of?

Answer 2

sucrose = glucose + fructose
Lactose = glucose + galactose
Maltose = glucose + glucose

Question 3

What do polysaccharides consist of?

Answer 3

Glycogen, starch and cellulose all are glucose chains

Question 4

What are isomers and how are they different to epimers?

Answer 4

They have the same chemical formulas but different structures. Epimers have only one carbon atom different.

Question 5

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 5

Two monosaccharides joining together in a dehydration synthesis reaction to form a disaccharide.

Question 6

The bond formed during the dehydration synthesis of a disaccharide is called?

Answer 6

A gycosidic bond

Question 7

The most common type of polysaccharide in the body iss?

Answer 7

Glycogen

Question 8

What is the major dietary source of carbohydrate?

Answer 8

Starch

Question 9

What are the 2 different component parts to starch giving the percentage?

Answer 9

20-25% Amylose

75-80% Amylopectin

Question 10

What is glycogen and where is it made?

Answer 10

Glycogen is a polysaccharide of glucose which functions as the primary short term energy storage. It is made primarily by the liver and muscles.

Question 11

What is cellulose?

Answer 11

Structural material of plants which is also a glucose polymer.

Question 12

What are the functions of carbohydrate?

Answer 12

1. Energy - primary fuels for energy
2. Stored energy - they can also provide a limited form of stored energy e.g glycogen.
3. Fibre - Indigestible carbohydrates such as cellulose are an important source of fibre needed for proper bowel function.

Question 13

What makes cellulose indigestible?

Answer 13

Hydrogen bonds can form between strands making the structure rigid and indigestible.

Question 14

Digestible carbohydrates in the diet comes in what forms?

Answer 14

Sugars, starch and glycogen from animal protein.

Question 15

Explain the digestion process.

Answer 15

1. Salivary amylase splits glycosidic bonds.
2. Digestion stops in the stomach due to the PH.
3. Pancreatic amylase continues digestion in the small intestine.
4. Sucrase, maltase and lactase in the mucosal cells in the jejunum brush border of the small intestine complete digestion.

Question 16

What can the glucose from carbohydrate digestion can be used for?

Answer 16

1. ATP production
2. Glycogen synthesis
3. Triglyceride synthesis
4. Amino acid synthesis

Question 17

What is a functional group?

Answer 17

Specific configurations of atoms that have properties of bonding, so they contribute to the structure and function of that molecule.

Question 18

What functional group is alcohol and what does it contain?

Answer 18

OH group known as Hydroxyl group

Question 19

What functional group is Thiols and what does it contain?

Answer 19

SH group known as Sulfhydryl

Question 20

What is the structure for the Carbonyl group?

Answer 20

C=O

Question 21

What is the structure of the Carboxyl group and where is it found?

Answer 21

C=OOH

Found in amino acids.

Question 22

What is an aldehyde?

Answer 22

a carbonyl group at the end of a skeleton. O=H

Question 23

What is the structure for esters and where is it found?

Answer 23

O=O predominate in lipids and triglycerides.

Question 24

Why are phosphate groups very hydrophilic?

Answer 24

Because they can form a double negative charge.

Question 25

What is the amine structure and where is it found?

Answer 25

NH2. All amino acids contain an amine group at one end.