Energy Optimization (Dr. Kudzia)

Question 1

stored ATP can only provide about __ minute of body’s required energy at any moment

Answer 1

1

Question 1

__ organs account for __% of the resting energy expended by avg man, which ones?

Answer 1

5, 80%
liver, brain, muscle, kidneys, heart

Question 2

energy storage

Answer 2

daily weight of ATP stored for energy ~ 100kg
daily weight of fat stored for energy ~ 0.25 kg

Question 3

operational definition of metabolism

Answer 3

• rate of heat production (direct) - old experiments used to measure how quick ice would melt
• also rate of O2 consumption (indirect)

Question 4

possible sensors of energetic cost

Answer 4

chemoreceptors
muscle afferents
proprioceptive sensors

Question 5

one dollar solution to reducing energy demands of running

Answer 5

• a spring connecting your ankles
• first day, more energy needed to adjust
• second day, energy was conserved

Question 6

kinematics vs kinetics

Answer 6

kinematics: angles and velocities
kinetics: forces, moments, power

Question 7

exoskeletons

Answer 7

• wearable robots used to mimic or enhance natural movements
  1. RIGID: provide body weight support, useful in spinal cord injury, can be passive or active
  2. SOFT: does not provide body weight support, used for a range of mobility disorders, passive or active

Question 8

why build exoskeletons

Answer 8

• rehab is repetitive, intense, and demanding
• exoskeletons can do these things and optimize time spent and resources (ppl) used

Question 9

mobility disorders

Answer 9

• weight gain
• increase in metabolic expenditure
• gait compensations
• reduced bone loading
• atrophy of muscles

Question 10

two main thinking areas for engineering exoskeletons

Answer 10

1. attachment process
2. physiologically grounded control algorithms

Question 11

exoskeletons for stroke gait rehab

Answer 11

• drop foot = inadequate dorsiflexion
• weakness of plantar flexor causing decreased push off (propulsion forces)
• asymmetry
• increased metabolic effort of walking

Question 12

what causes decreased push off?

Answer 12

weakness of plantar flexor

Question 13

hip hiking and circumduction

Answer 13

hip hiking
- dorsi flexion weakness
- insufficient hip and knee flexion
- ankylosis of ankle (stiffening)

circumduction
- hamstring paralysis
- dorsi flexion weakness
- plantar flexion contracture
- hip flexor weakness

Question 14

tools used to experiment in clinical gait lab

Answer 14

• EMG for muscle analysis
• inertial sensors for exoskeleton control
• metabolic respirator to determine oxygen and CO2 rates
• harnessed so they can’t fall
• markers for motion capture