Energy of Food and Drugs and Illicit Substances Flashcards
1
Q
What is the difference between Joules (J) and Calories?
What also makes them similar?
A
Joules: Used to power a car engine
Calories: Powers the human body
However both work in similar ways
2
Q
What is the difference between calorie and Calorie?
A
calorie: Is the amount of heat (or energy) required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1oC
Calorie: Is a dietary unit that means 1000 calories (also defined as a kcal)
Essentially 1000 cal = 1 Cal = 1 kcal
3
Q
What is Calorimetry?
What was calorimetry also used for?
A
Is the measurement of heat that is released or absorbed by a chemical or physical process
Noted to be the original way of measuring Calories stored in food
4
Q
How does Calorimetry work?
3 Step Process
A
- A food item would be placed in a calorimeter, where it does not allow any heat to be exchanged with the surroundings
- As the food becomes heated, the surrounding water would absorb any energy that is released
- The change in the water temperature directly corresponds to how much energy (Calories) is stored in the food
Energy gained by water = Energy lost by food
5
Q
How does the human body process Calories?
A
Our metabolism
6
Q
What is the one similarity and two differences between Metabolism and a Combustion Engine?
A
The reaction between a metabolism and a combustion engine are identical
HOWEVER…
- Metabolism is much slower
- High temperatures are not produced within the metabolism in comparison to combustion engine
7
Q
Under what Law does Metabolism operate under?
And explain what the law does
A
The Law of Conservation
Essentially, energy in a chemical reaction cannot be created nor destroyed, as all energy must be used or stored
8
Q
What are Macronutrients?
A
Are major components in food that provide us with the energy and materials that form in our bodies
9
Q
What are the three types of macronutrients?
A
- Fats
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
10
Q
What is the amount of energy that the three macronutrients provide?
Which macronutrient provides the most concentrated form of food energy?
A
Fats and oils: 9 Cal/g
Carbohydrates: 4 Cal/g
Proteins: 4 Cal/g
Fat and oils provide the most concentrated form of food energy
11
Q
What did the documented values of macronutrients do to the process of Calorimetry?
A
Completely replace the method of calorimetry
12
Q
What is the primary difference between fats and oils?
And what causes this difference?
A
Fats are solid at room temp
Oil is liquid at room temp
The difference is caused due to the dependance on the triglyceride that makes up each substance
13
Q
What is Tryglyceride?
A
Are molecules that are made of glycerol and three fatty acid chains
14
Q
What are fatty acid chains made of?
A
Contains a long hydrocarbon side chain with a carboxylic acid head
15
Q
What dictates the difference of fatty acid chains?
2 things
A
- The number of carbons they contain
- The number and the nature of carbon-carbon double bonds
16
Q
What is a Saturated fatty acid?
A
Has no carbon-carbon double bonds (therefore no “kinks”)
17
Q
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
A
Contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond (Has a “kink”)
18
Q
What are Monounsaturated fatty acids and Polyunsaturated fatty acids?
A
Monounsaturated: Only has one double bond
Polyunsaturated: Has more than one double bond
19
Q
Why does FATS saturation side chains link to it being solid at room temp?
A
Saturated side chains are typically straight chains
This allows the molecules to get close together and more attracted to eachother
This results in more energy being needed for it to move the molecules, thus high melting point and solidity
20
Q
Why does OILS unsaturated side chains link to it being liquid at room temp?
A
Unsaturated side chains are typically “bent/kinked” which prevents molecules from being close to eachother, therefore the force of attraction is not that strong
Ultimately, less energy is required to move the molecules, hence low melting point and liquidity
21
Q
Are all fats equal in terms of our health?
A
NO
22
Q
What are the two main types of polyunsaturated fats
A
- Omega-3 fats
- Omega-6 fats
Neither can be made naturally within the body
23
Q
What are some examples of Omega-3 Fat Sources?
4 listed
A
- Soybeans
- Walnuts
- Salmon
- Canola Oil
24
Q
What are some examples of Omega-6 Fat Sources?
4 listed
A
- Margarine
- Sunflower, soybean and sesame oils
- Nuts
- Sunflower seeds
25
What are the benefits of Polyunsaturated (Omega-3 and Omega-6) fats?
## Footnote
Three benefits
- Provides protection against heart disease
- Lowers blood triglyceride levels
- Lowers Blood pressure
26
What is the Daily Recommended intake for Omega-3's and Omega-6's?
Daily Recommended intake: 250-500 mg of both Omega-3 and Omega-6
27
What is the benefit of Monounsaturated fats?
Lowers cholesterol
28
What are some sources of Monounsaturated fats?
## Footnote
There are 5 listed:
- Olive Oil
- Canola Oil
- Peanut Oil
- Nuts
- Avocados
29
Why is saturated fats bad for you?
## Footnote
Two reasons
Overeating food with saturated fats can cause cholesterol (a waxy substance found in blood) to build up within the arteries
As a result, it can risks of heart disease and stroke
Additionally, eating foods rich in saturated fats can result in adding extra calories which can lead to weight gain
30
Which fats has more calories
Monounsaturated or Saturated?
Monounsaturated
31
What are some sources of Saturated fats?
## Footnote
There are 5 listed:
- Butter
- Coconut Oil
- Cheese
- Red meat
- French fries
32
Difference between the fats in Avocado and French fries
Avocado has more fats but they are rich in monoounsaturated fats, whereas French fries are rich in saturated fats
33
What are trans fats?
## Footnote
Where does it come from
Are fats that naturally occurs in beef, lamb, and dairy products naturally
34
What happens when consuming food rich in trans fats?
Similar to saturated fats, it increases the deposit of cholesterol onto arterial walls
In easier words, Trans fats causes cholesterol to build within the arteries
35
What are the three ways in which fats are used in the body?
1. Makes up cell membranes
2. Stored as energy in the liver or fat tissue
3. Used as energy by being converted to ketones or glucose
36
What are the three important sources of energy for the body?
1. Sugars
2. Fibers
3. Starches
37
What is **glucose**?
A simple carbohydrate that is known as the main source of energy for bodily function
38
How are carbohydrates classified?
Are classified based on the number of saccharides they contain
39
What are the different classifications of carbohydrates called?
## Footnote
Theres 3
1. Monosaccharaides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides
40
How do mono, di, and polysaccharides work?
Monosaccharide: Only one class of sugar that cannot be broken down any further
Disaccharides: When theres two classes of sugars are bonded together
Polysaccharides: When theres more than two sugar molecules bonded together
41
What are the similarities between all carbohydrates?
1. Are all composed exclusively of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
2. The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen within all carbohydrate molecules are always usually 2:1
42
What is the first way carbohydrates are used in the body?
**Immediate energy**
Essentially, once metabolized, carbohydrates are converted into glucose and are sent into the bloodstream by the liver to be used as immediate energy for the cells
43
What is the second way carbohydrates are used in the body?
**Stored energy**
Once the bloodstream consists of enough glucose, the liver will take all excess glucose and convert it to glycogen, which is a stored form of glucose energy
It is then stored in the liver and muscles which combined, can store about 2000 Calories worth
44
What is the third way in which carbohydrates are used in the body
**Stored fat**
Once the bloodstream has enough glucose, and the glycogen reservoirs are full, the excess glucose is stored as fat in fat tissues
45
Does a high carb, low carb diet matter?
Not at all because it matters what **type** of carbohydrates are in the diet
46
How does different types of carbohydrates affect the body?
Depending on how much faster it digests, carbohydrates that are digested and absorbed quickly can result in a rapid increase of blood sugar, which is associated with increased risk of diabetes and obesity
47
What is a High-Glycemic Index and a Low-Glycemic Index
**High-Glycemic Index**: Carbohydrates that are digested and absorbed quickly, which can result in fast and high spikes in blood sugar levels
**Low-Glycemic Index**: Carbohydrates that are digested more slowly, which results in a more controlled change in blood sugar levels
48
What is protein responsible for?
Helps give the shape for our bodies
49
What are proteins made of?
Are long polymers which are made up of a long sequence of amino acids
50
What are the amino acids in Proteins made of?
Contains an amino (-NH2) and a carboxylic (-CO2) functional groups
BUT also has a changing "R" side chain
51
What are the functions of amino acid
1. Valine
2. Threonine
3. Tryptophan
Valine: Helps stimulate muscle growth and regeneration
Threonine: Plays a role in fat metabolism and immune function
Tryptophan: A precurser to serotonin, a neutrotransmitter that regulates appetite, sleep and mood
52
How do amino acids link, and what are the classifications?
## Footnote
What does a protein consist because of this?
Amino acids link linearly to form peptides
Dipeptides: Formed after linking 2 amino acids together
Tripeptide: Formed after linking 3 amino acids together
Polypeptide: Formed after linking 4 and more amino acids together
A protein consist of at least one or more peptide chains
53
What is the first way in which the body uses protein?
**As building blocks**
Once proteins are metabolized, proteins are broken down into amino acids, which are used to create enzymes, hormones, tissues, and transport fats throughout the body or build antibodies
54
What is the second way proteins are used in the body?
**Energy**
If the body is low on fuel, the liver can convert protein into energy
55
What is the third way protein is used in the body
**Stored as fat**
If protein isn't needed for building blocks or energy, it will be converted to fat
56
What is the one thing protein has that other macronutrients don't have?
Only macronutrient to contain nitrogen
57
How much protein should an average adult have everyday
0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight
(150 lb or 68 kg person requires 55g of protein each day)
58
What is the Difference between **High-quality proteins** and **Low-quality proteins**?
**High-quality proteins**: Contains the same ratio of essential amino acids as the ones we have in our bodies (eggs, meat, poultry, etc)
BUT may have high amounts of saturated fats and sodium
**Low-quality proteins**: Proteins that are deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids (plant based foods like grains, legumes and nuts)
less saturated fats and sodium, are deemed much healthier
59
What are the three main types of Protein Powders and what do they do?
1. Whey
2. Soy
3. Casein (Protein found in milk)
All of which deliver large amounts of protein per serving
60
What is the Energy Balance?
The Energy that goes in are macronutrients like Fats, Carbs, and Protein
The Energy that goes out are caused by Exercise, Thermic effect of food, and basal metabolism
61
How does the body dispel all energy that is provided by food?
## Footnote
3 Things`
1. Exercise
2. Thermic Effect
3. Basal Metabolism
62
How does exercise take energy?
The energy is used to perform even the most minimal activies (like breathing, keeping eyes open, and such)
63
How does the Thermic Effect of Food take Energy? (TEF)
Energy is used when we digest and metabolize food
After eating a meal, we may feel a little warmer or our heartbeats may beat faster
64
How much food energy is used for Thermic Effect of Food?
10% of energy from food is used for digesting food
65
How does Basal Metabolism take energy?
Energy is used to operate the work that happens within our lungs, like keeping our hearts beating, lungs expanding, and organs working in general
66
What are Vitamins for?
(Macronutrient)
## Footnote
3 functions
1. Energy production
2. Immune function
3. Blood clotting
etc...
67
What are Minerals for?
(Macronutrient)
## Footnote
3 functions
1. Growth
2. Bone health
3. Fluid balance
etc...
68
What two groups divide Vitamins?
1. **Water soluble vitamins**: soluble in water and polar solvents
2. **Fat soluble vitamins**: soluble in fats and non-polar solvents
69
What is ascorbic and acid?
**Ascorbic**: Can protect humans from scurvy
**Acid**: Vitamin C is an acid
70
What is the role of Vitamin C?
## Footnote
What is it important for in our bodies?
Crucial for the formation of bonds that hold together the strands of collagen within our connective tissues
Important for our skin, muscles, blood vessels, scar tissue, etc.
71
What foods are rich in Vitamin C?
## Footnote
3 listed
1. Red peppers
2. Orange Juice
3. Grapefruit juice
4. etc...
72
What is the daily recommended intake for Vitamin C?
90 mg for male (19+)
75 mg for females (19+)
73
Is Vitamin C stored in the body?
No, instead they are flushed out with our urine
74
What is the role for Vitamin A?
Helps maintain the health of eyes, skins, and mucus membranes
Additionally, it helps maintain good vision in dim light
75
What happens when a person is Vitamin A deficient?
They may produce "night blindness" which essentially means they cannot see in the dark
76
Is Vitamin A fat-soluble or water-soluble?
Fat-soluble
77
How should Vitamin A be consumed?
Should be consumed alongside a source of fat
78
Where is Vitamin A stored in the body?
Is stored within the liver and fatty tissues for future use
79
What are the consequences of excess Vitamin A consumption
## Footnote
4 things
Generally no harm, but toxic doses can cause:
1. Vision loss
2. Nausea
3. Hair Loss
4. Death
80
Where is Vitamin A sourced from?
| 4 things listed
## Footnote
And what is the daily recommended intake?
1. Beef liver
2. Sweet potato
3. Spinach
4. Pumpkin Pie
900 mg for males (19-50)
700 mg for females (19-50)
81
How does beta-carotene relate to Vitamin A?
Digesting a food source with beta-carotene can cause a chemical reaction in our bodies, turning beta-carotene to Vitamin A
82
What is Vitamin D used for and how do we get it
Vitamin D helps promote the absorption of food-borne calcium and phosphorus through the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream. Also helps form and maintain healthy bones
Vitamin D can be formed in the body through Sun's UV Rays, but oftentimes is considered scarce because we live indoors and wear clothing
83
Is Vitamin D fat-soluble or water-soluble?
Is fat-soluble
84
What are the two major forms of Vitamin D?
D2: Ergocalciferol
D3: Cholecalciferol
85
What is the source of D2: Ergocalciferol and D3: Cholecalciferol
D2: Ergocalciferol:
- Found in plant-sourced and fortified foods like mushrooms, fortified foods, dietary supplements
D3: Cholecalciferol
- Found in animal sourced foods like oily fish, liver, egg yolk, etc, and can be formed in the skin
86
What is the daily recommended intake of Vitamin D
15 mg for male and female (19-50)
87
How many different types of Vitamin B are there?
8 types
88
What are the foods that are rich in Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine
| 3 listed
## Footnote
And what is the daily recommended intake
1. Chickpeas
2. Beef liver
3. Tuna
Daily recommended intake is 1.3 mg for both male and females
88
What is the role of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Necessary in breaking down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
Also supports immune function and brain health
89
Is Vitamin B6 fat-soluble or water-soluble?
Water soluble
90
What is Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) responsible for
Folate helps form the DNA and RNA involved in protein metabolism
Folate is needed to produce healthy red blood cells, and is crucial during periods of rapid growth like pregnancy and fetal development
91
What are sources of Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) aswell as the daily recommended intake?
## Footnote
4 listed
1. Beef liver
2. Spinach
3. Black-eyed peas
4. Fortified breakfast cereals
400 mcg for both male and females (19-50)
BUT 600 mcg for pregnant females
92
Is Vitamin B9 fat-soluble or water-soluble
water-soluble
93
What is Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) responsible for?
Responsible for forming red blood cells and DNA and is also a key player in the function and development of brain and nerve cells
94
What are sources of Vitamin B12 and the Daily Recommended Intake?
## Footnote
4 listed
1. Beef liver
2. Salmon
3. 2% milk
4. Fortified breakfast cereals
2.4 mcg for both males and females
95
Is Vitamin B12 fat-soluble or water-soluble
Water-soluble
96
Besides C, H, O, and N, what is the most important element in our body?
Calcium
97
What are the Structural Differences between Vitamins and Minerals?
Vitamin structure are in complex arrangements whereas minerals consist of atoms or ions of individual elements
98
What are the common natural remedies for pain?
## Footnote
3 listed
- Willow Bark
- Turmeric
- Cloves
99
When were semisynthetic drugs available?
19th century
100
What did semisynthetic drugs provide to users?
Greater effectiveness with fewer side effects compared to natural products
101
What are all the things Aspirin acts as?
## Footnote
5 things
1. Analgesic (pain reliever)
2. Antipyretic (lower fever)
3. Anti-inflammatory agent (reduce inflammation)
4. Treating rheumatoid arthritis
5. Prevents certain types of strokes and heart attacks
102
How does Aspirin work?
Must be digested to enter the bloodstream
103
How does pH within the stomach relate to Aspirin digestion?
The higher the pH (more basic) the faster the Aspirin breaks up and the faster it goes into the bloodstream
104
What are NSAIDs?
Are non-sterioidal anti-inflammatory drugs which are drugs like Aspirin, Ibuprofen, etc.
105
What do NSAIDs do?
| 3 listed
1. Eases pain
2. Lowers fever
3. Turns down inflammation
106
What are NSAIDs Mechanism of Action?
Inhibits the formation of prostaglandins, which are compounds named for the prostate tissue and seminal fluid they were discovered in
107
What are Prostaglandins responsible for?
| 3 listed
Found in every tissue within a male and body, responsible for:
1. Sensation of pain and its transmission along the nervous system
2. Generation of fevers
3. Within the swelling of inflammations
108
What is the process of NSAIDs interfering with the formation of prostaglandins called?
Enzyme Inhibition
109
How does a normal enzyme function?
A starting material will bind itself onto the active site of an enzyme, to produce a product
110
How does Enzyme Inhibition work?
A reversible or irreversible reaction where an inhibitor sits in the active site, preventing the substrate (starting material) to bind itself on the active site, preventing the formation of the chemical reaction
111
Difference between COX-1 (Cycloxygenase-1) and COX-2 (Cyclooxygenase-2)
COX-1: Is found in multiple tissues, including the stomach, makes prostaglandins to protect the stomach lining
COX-2: Creates prostaglandins that signal pain and inflammation
112
What is the benefit of Aspirin? (NSAIDs)
Extremely effective in blocking the formation of prostaglandins that promote pain, causes blood clots, and blocks the clots that are responsible for narrowing the blood vessels and causing inflammation
113
What is the Bad thing about Aspirin? (NSAIDs)
1. Long term uses may cause bleeding and stomach ulcers
2. Decreases blood clotting capabilities
3. Can produce intolerance effects and can worsen asthma
4. Reye's Syndrome
114
Why were children discouraged to use Aspirin?
## Footnote
What sickness was labled with these symptoms?
A correlation was found between Aspirin and multi-organ damage, along with a 20-40% mortality rate amongst kids
Discovered by Dr. Douglas Reye, hence Reye's Syndrome
115
How is Reye Syndrome caused
A result of children using aspirin following a viral infection
116
Difference between Acetaminophen and NSAIDs?
Acetaminophin and NSAID's both do the same thing however Acetaminophen cannot affect inflammation
117
What was Acetanilide?
A compound that was known to alleviate fever since 1886, however the compound was noted to be toxic
118
What 2 compounds was created as an alternative to Acetanilide?
Acetaminophen and Phenacetin
119
What happened to Phenacetin?
Banned in 1983 due to tendency to damage kidney
120
How was tylenol marketed?
Marketed as a fever reductant for children to reduce competition with Aspirin
121
How does Acetaminophen work?
Blocks COX enzymes (catalysts that creates prostaglandins)
122
Whats the difference to Tylenol and Aspirin in the way they work?
NSAID's cause enzyme inhibition within the peripheral nervous system, whereas acetaminophen causes enzyme inhibition in the central nervous system
123
Whats the good thing about Acetaminophen
Was a good alternate for Aspirin for those who were sensitive, and can be used in children
Also provided relief for pain and fever but not inflammation and does not affect kidneys significantly
124
Bad thing about Acetaminophen
Tylenol exerts its effects after entering the bloodstream
Additionally high doses or long-term use can impact liver function as the liver is where it breaks down acetaminophen
ALSO CANNOT DRINK ALCOHOL AND TYLENOL AT THE SAME TIME
125
What is consumed when drinking alcohol?
Ethanol
126
How is ethanol produced?
Produced naturally by the fermentation of carbs of grains, fruits and starchy vegetables
127
What differs in alcohol?
The nature of the plant material used in the fermentation process
128
What does Proof mean in alcohol
Proof of an alcohol is twice the percentage of alcohol it contains
128
What is the alcohol percentage by volume in beer, wine, and hard liquors?
Beer: 4-6%
Wine: 12-14%
Hard Liquors: 40% alcohol by volume (referred to as 80 proof)
129
Where does alcohol go once consumed?
It enters the stomach and small intestine where small blood vessel carries it to the bloodstream
130
Whats the percentage of alcohol that is absorbed in the body?
20% of it is absorbed in the stomach, whereas the remaining 80% is absorbed through the small intestine
131
Where is alcohol metabolized?
Within the liver, where enzymes break down the alcohol
132
How much alcohol can the liver metabolize
## Footnote
What happens when you consume more than the liver can metabolize?
1 shot of liquor per hour
System will become saturated and the additional alcohol will accumulate in the blood and body tissues until it can be metabolized
133
What is the Blood Alcohol Concentration?
Controls how much we feel the short-term mental and physical effects from alcohol
Translated as grams of ethanol per 100 mL blood
134
How does alcohol effect the brain?
Acts as a central nervous system depressant which slows down the signaling between the brain and the rest of the body
135
What are the Seven stages of Alcohol Consumption
1. Euphoria: Increases dopamine release which creates pleasurable sensation
2. Depression, Disorientation and Memory Loss (BAC> 0.05): Blood and body tissue begins to absorb extra alcohol
3. Excitement (BAC = 0.09-0.25): Occipital, temporal and frontal lobes are responsible for blurred vision, slurred speech and lack of control respectively
4. Confusion (BAC = 0.18-0.3): Cerebellum which helps coordination is impacted, individual needs help walking and standing, blackouts may occur
5. Stupor (BAC = 0.25-0.40): Alcohol poisoning, all mental, physical, and sensory functions are impaired
6. Coma (BAC = 0.35): Potential for going into coma
7. Death (BAC > 0.45): Potential for death due to alcohol poisoning
136
How does Alcohol relate to Body Weight?
Is the second most calorie-rich nutrient after fat
Beer has a similar number of calories as sugary soft drinks whereas red wine has twice as much
However, studies that link alcohol and weight are highly inconsistent as some suggest moderate drinking is linked to reduced weight gain whereas heavy drinking is linked to increased weight gain
137
What is the difference in how men and women digest alcohol?
## Footnote
3 listed
1. Ability to dilute alcohol as females have less body water as they have 52% body water in comparison to male having 61%
2. Ability to metabolize alcohol: Females have less dehydrogenase, which is a liver enzyme that breaks down alcohol in comparison to men
3. Hormonal Differences: Estrogen slows down the rate at which alcohol is eliminated from the body
138
What are the Potential Benefits of Alcohol?
Having 1-2 drinks of alcohol per day can lower the risk of developing cardiovascular disease
Red wine helps the heart and it can also help with memory loss
Wine can help boost vaccine's effects
Xanthohumol which is found in beer can help protect brain cells from damage
139
Problems with alcohol and pregnancy
Alcohol can pass onto the baby via umbilical cord, can also cause miscarriage, stillbirth, and a range of physical, behavioural and intellectual disabilities known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
140
What are the characteristics associated with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs)
## Footnote
5 notes
1. Abnormal facial features
2. Small head size
3. Shorter-than-average height
4. Low body weight
5. Poor memory
141
How does breathalyzer work?
## Footnote
What was the original breathalyzer?
Tests the breath alcohol content
Used a change in colour to detect presence of alcohol as the degree of green is directly related to amount of alcohol tested
142
What is used within Breathalyzer tests?
An infrared spectroscopy is used to detect the breath using a beam of IR radiation
It works because alcohol is an organic compound that can absorb IR radiation
Essentially, the detector measures how much IR was initially sent out and how much was absorbed by alcohol
143
What causes the flushed face, nausea, headache and vomiting from excess alcohol consumption?
(On a molecular level)
Since the conversion of acetaldehyde to acetate ion is slow, it can cause a build up which causes the mentioned symptoms
144
What two compounds are in cannabis?
Generally called Cannabinoids, but the most common compounds are
1. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
2. Cannabidiol (CBD)
145
Difference between THC and CBD?
Both have same chemical formula but are arranged differently
THC is found in high concentrations in marijuana plant whereas CBD is found in high concentrations in the Hemp plant
146
What are the primary methods of Marijuana Consumption?
1. Smoke
2. Vape
3. Eat
4. Drink
5. Topical Solutions
147
What feeling does THC and CBD give?
THC gives high feeling whereas CBD induces a feeling of well-being and pain relief (not a high)
148
What is the Endocannabinoid System (ECS)
A complex cell-signaling system discovered in the early 1990s
Promotes homeostasis (when external environment changes, ECS keeps our body's internal process stable)
As life stressors increases, ECS helps maintain neuroplasticity and reduce risk of depression and anxiety
149
What are the three core components in the Endocannabinoid System?
1. Endocannabinoids
2. Receptors
3. Enzymes
150
What are Endocannabinoids and what do they do?
Natural molecules which are similar to cannabinoids made by the body
Can help keep internal functions running smoothly and are produced as needed
151
What are the 2 key endocannabinoids so far?
1. Anandamide (AEA)
2. 2-arachidonyglyerol (2-AG)
152
What are Endocannabinoid Receptors?
Are receptors found within our bodies
153
How do Endocannabinoid Receptors work?
Endocannabinoids will bind to the receptors in order to signal that ECS needs to take action to maintain homeostasis
154
What are two main Endocannabinoid Receptors
CB1 (found in central nervous system)
CB2 (found in peripheral nervous system, especially immune cells)
155
What is the role for CB1 and CB2 Receptors?
Endocannabinoids may bind to either as
CB1 can be binded within spinal nerve to relieve pain
CB2 can be binded to signal that body is experiencing inflammation
156
What are enzymes responsible for in the Endocannabinoid system?
Responsible for breaking down endocannabinoids once they carried out their function
157
How do Neurons and Neurotransmitters work?
They communicate with each other (other neurons) along with the rest of the body by sending chemical messages (neurotransmitters)
Once neurotransmitters are released, they travel across a gap (synapse) and attaches to a specific receptor located on a nearby neuro (postsynaptic cell) which triggers a set of events
158
How does the Endocannabinoid System (ECS) work backwards
Once a postsynaptic neuron is activated, endocannabinoids are made "on demand" from fat cells, are then released and travel backward to the presynaptic cell where they attach to cannabinoid receptors
159
What are the effects linked to ECS maintaining Homeostasis
## Footnote
3 noted
1. Appetite and Digestion
2. Metabolism
3. Chronic Metabolism
160
What happens when a person smokes marijuana?
The THC will overwhelm the ECS, by quickly attaching to cannabinoid receptors throughout the body, preventing natural cannabinoids in doing their job
161
What are the effects of THC?
## Footnote
3 listed
1. Slow down a person's reaction time
2. Disrupts ability to remember things
3. Increases appetite
162
What are the Short-term impacts Marijuana has on the brain?
## Footnote
There are 3
1. Reddened eyes
2. Dry Mouth
3. Increased appetite
163
What are the long-term impacts from Marijuana?
1. Can affect brain development
2. If used at a young age, drug can impair thinking, memory and learning functions
164
Can a person get high from second-hand smoke of Marijuana?
Very unlikely but possible over prolonged periods
165
Can Marijuana cause addiction?
Not physical addiction per se but habitual use can lead to psychological dependence
166
What are Alkaloids?
Major category of plant compounds that are known for their alkalinity
167
Where does Alkaloids get their basicity from?
From an amine group
168
What do alkaloids do?
Originally known as nakotikos in the Greek language defined as numbing or stupefying, Alkaloids can dull the mind, induce sleep and generally numb the senses
169
What are the two known alkaloid (opium) constituents?
Morphine: (10% of dried opium) a powerful narcotic, which is a potent analgesic and a cough suppressant and produces variety of psychological responses like apathy and euphoria
Codeine: Less potent analgesic than morphine but is one of the most powerful cough suppressants
170
What is similar between Morphine and Codeine?
Are highly addictive and has the most powerful constipating agent
171
What do Opioid Narcotics do in the brain?
Binds to opioid receptors within the brain, spine and other organs that are sensitive to pain
172
What are the 4 opioid receptors?
## Footnote
What happens when opioids are binded to these receptors?
1. Mu
2. Delta
3. Kappa
4. Opioid Receptor Like-1 (ORL1)
Signal is sent to dopamine terminal to release dopamine and pain is blocked
173
How is tolerance built to morphine?
As morphine binds to opioid receptors, it can trigger the inhibition of an enzyme that orchestrates several chemicals in the cell to maintain the firing of impulses
After repeated activation from the opioid receptor, the enzyme can adapt and no longer cause changes in cell firing
Dosage must increase for this to work again
174
How is Heroin in replacement to Opioids?
Because opioids are prescription, it can be hard to come by, therefore people turn to a stronger and cheaper alternative whihc is Heroin
175
How was Heroin created?
By scientists who wanted to find a nonaddictive molecular modification of morphine
176
What is the by-products of heroin manufacturing?
Acetic acid as the main component is vinegar, hence why guard dogs are trained to smell a vinegar like odor due to chance of acetic acid
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How was Heroin first marketed?
Proved to be a powerful narcotic and cough suppresant and was promised not to be addictive, however it was proved to be one of the most addictive
178
How is Highly pure Heroin ingested?
Smoked or snorted
179
How is "black tar" heroin ingested?
Is ingested into veins, muscles or under the skin
180
How does Heroin travel within the body?
Starts in the bloodstream and travels to the brain, converting to morphine and binds rapidly to the mu-opioid receptors (MORs) within the brain and acts to regulate pain and initiate a feeling of well-being
181
What are the Short-term impacts of Heroin use?
Initiates a feeling of "rush" as the rush is a function of how much drug was taken and how fast it travels to the opioid receptors
After initial effects the user will feel drowsy for several hours, and mental function is impaired, and heart function slows and breathing is severely slowed
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What are the Long-term impacts of Heroin use?
Can change physical structure and physiology within the brain, creating a long-term imbalance in neuronal and hormonal systems that are not easily reversed
Studies revealed that white matter deteriorated due to Heroin use, affecting decision making, ability to regulate behaviour and responses to stressful situations
Heroin can also lead to tolerance and dependance
183
What are withdrawl symptoms of Heroin after its been taken?
## Footnote
4 noted
1. Restlessness
2. Muscle and bone pain
3. Vomiting and diarrhea
4. Cold flashes "cold turkey"
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What are the medical complications of Heroin use?
Can cause insomnia and constipation
Some users may experience mental health disorders like antisocial personality disorder
Chronic injections also lead to scarred and or collapsed veins, bacterial infections of the blood vessels and heart valves
Remember that the sharing of needles can lead to infections like hepatitis B and C, HIV and other bloodborne illnesses
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Problems of using Heroin while pregnant?
Baby can become dependant on opioid due to heroin passing through the placenta then to the fetus, can cause the baby to excessively cry, fever, irritability, seizures and possibly death
Is called Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS)
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How is Neonatal Abstinene Syndrome treated?
Baby needs to be hospitalized and treated with morphine to relieve symptoms until baby is opioid free
187
What are Synthetic Opioids?
Developed and act on the same opioid receptors in the brain as natural and semisynthetic opioids
Does not have same core morphine like structure though
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What are two examples of Synthetic Opioids?
Fentanyl: An anesthetic and analgesic with potency 80 times stronger than morphine
Methadone: An analgesic used to treat heroin addiction as it is addictive but doesn't produce euphoria or other psychological effects of heroin
189
How does Cocaine work?
Stimulates a buildup of a large amount of dopamine within the brain, which is the neurotransmitter that signals a sense of pleasure
It affects all areas of the brain that has dopamine, the limbic system
Under regular conditions, dopamine will recycle itself back into the cell that released it
190
How do people build tolerance to cocaine?
Because Cocaine prevents dopamine from being recycles, there will be a large buildup in the space between the two nerve cells. The limbic system eventually adapts to excess dopamine and becomes less sensitive to it, therefore it requires people to take a stronger dose to feel the same high
191
What are short term impacts of cocaine?
## Footnote
5 Impacts
Initial impacts almost immediately disappears within a few minutes to an hour
These impacts include:
1. Extreme happiness and energy
2. Mental alertness
3. Hypersensitivity to light, sound and touch
4. Irritability
5. Paranoia
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What are long-term cocaine effects?
| Based on usage
Depending on method of use:
Snorting: loss of smell, nosebleeds, etc
Smoking: cough, asthma, respiratory distress
Consuming by mouth: severe bowel decay from reduced blood flow
Needle injection: higher risk of contracting HIV, hepatitis C and other bloodborne illnesses
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How does Cocaine turn into a salt
Essentially, it can be created into cocaine hydrochloride with an acid treatment, which has similar physical properties to those as table salt
Is how "Crack cocaine" is named
194
What is Caffeine?
Most widely used psychoactive substance that are naturally occuring in plant species within the Tropic or Sub-Tropic regions such as the *coffee arabica plant*
195
How do we feel sleepy and how does Caffeine work?
When Adenosine is created, it binds to adenosine receptors causing drowsiness by slowing down nerve cell activity
Caffeine works by binding to adenosine receptors and speeding up nerve cell activity which causes increased neuron firing, which is detected by the pituitary gland and produces adrenaline
196
How is caffeine similar to heroin in cocaine?
Only slightly similar because it prevents dopamine recycling in the body and forces it to be accumulated in the brain
197
What are the positive impacts of Caffeine?
## Footnote
3 listed
1. Increased Energy Levels
2. Feeling Less Tired
3. In a good mood
198
What are the Health Benefits of Caffeine?
## Footnote
3 listed
1. Boosts metabolic rate
2. Improve physical performance
3. Contains essential nutrients
199
What are the negative impacts of Caffeine?
## Footnote
3 listed
1. Anxiety
2. Insomnia
3. Digestive Issues (laxative effect)
200
Is decaf any better?
Beneficial to those sensitive to caffeine as it has less caffeine
201
What is Nicotine?
Lethal substance used as a powerful agricultural insecticide which is found in the leaves of a tobacco plant
202
How toxic can nicotine be?
Absorbing more than 50 mg of nicotine can kill an adult
203
What are ways of consuming Nicotine?
1. Smoke
2. Sniff
3. Chew
4. Inhale
204
How does nicotine affect the body and brain
Is absorbed within the blood and stimulates the adrenal glands to release epinephrine (adrenaline)
The Epinephrine stimulates the CNS and increases blood pressure, breathing and heart rate, also prevents dopamine recycling
205
What are the Health Effects of Smoking?
Nicotine is highly addictive
Other severe health effects come from other chemicals like ammonia or acetaldehyde that were added to the cigarette
206
What are the health effects for smoking?
## Footnote
4 listed
1. Lung cancer
2. Chronic bronchitis
3. Emphysema
4. Heart disease
207
How does Hallucinogens work?
Acts on the neural circuits within the brain that uses the neurotransmitter serotonin, causing the user to see images, hear sounds, and feel sensations that seem real
208
What do Amphetamines do?
Raises pulse rate and blood pressure, reduces fatigue and appetite and temporarily suspends the desire for sleep
209
What is an example of Amphetamines
Adderall, which is prescribed to treat Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
