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Mysteries of Everyday Materials > Energy of Food and Drugs and Illicit Substances > Flashcards

Energy of Food and Drugs and Illicit Substances Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between Joules (J) and Calories?

What also makes them similar?

A

Joules: Used to power a car engine
Calories: Powers the human body

However both work in similar ways

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2
Q

What is the difference between calorie and Calorie?

A

calorie: Is the amount of heat (or energy) required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1oC

Calorie: Is a dietary unit that means 1000 calories (also defined as a kcal)

Essentially 1000 cal = 1 Cal = 1 kcal

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3
Q

What is Calorimetry?

What was calorimetry also used for?

A

Is the measurement of heat that is released or absorbed by a chemical or physical process

Noted to be the original way of measuring Calories stored in food

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4
Q

How does Calorimetry work?

3 Step Process

A
  1. A food item would be placed in a calorimeter, where it does not allow any heat to be exchanged with the surroundings
  2. As the food becomes heated, the surrounding water would absorb any energy that is released
  3. The change in the water temperature directly corresponds to how much energy (Calories) is stored in the food

Energy gained by water = Energy lost by food

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5
Q

How does the human body process Calories?

A

Our metabolism

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6
Q

What is the one similarity and two differences between Metabolism and a Combustion Engine?

A

The reaction between a metabolism and a combustion engine are identical

HOWEVER…

  1. Metabolism is much slower
  2. High temperatures are not produced within the metabolism in comparison to combustion engine
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7
Q

Under what Law does Metabolism operate under?

And explain what the law does

A

The Law of Conservation

Essentially, energy in a chemical reaction cannot be created nor destroyed, as all energy must be used or stored

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8
Q

What are Macronutrients?

A

Are major components in food that provide us with the energy and materials that form in our bodies

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9
Q

What are the three types of macronutrients?

A
  1. Fats
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Proteins
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10
Q

What is the amount of energy that the three macronutrients provide?

Which macronutrient provides the most concentrated form of food energy?

A

Fats and oils: 9 Cal/g
Carbohydrates: 4 Cal/g
Proteins: 4 Cal/g

Fat and oils provide the most concentrated form of food energy

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11
Q

What did the documented values of macronutrients do to the process of Calorimetry?

A

Completely replace the method of calorimetry

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12
Q

What is the primary difference between fats and oils?

And what causes this difference?

A

Fats are solid at room temp

Oil is liquid at room temp

The difference is caused due to the dependance on the triglyceride that makes up each substance

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13
Q

What is Tryglyceride?

A

Are molecules that are made of glycerol and three fatty acid chains

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14
Q

What are fatty acid chains made of?

A

Contains a long hydrocarbon side chain with a carboxylic acid head

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15
Q

What dictates the difference of fatty acid chains?

2 things

A
  1. The number of carbons they contain
  2. The number and the nature of carbon-carbon double bonds
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16
Q

What is a Saturated fatty acid?

A

Has no carbon-carbon double bonds (therefore no “kinks”)

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17
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond (Has a “kink”)

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18
Q

What are Monounsaturated fatty acids and Polyunsaturated fatty acids?

A

Monounsaturated: Only has one double bond
Polyunsaturated: Has more than one double bond

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19
Q

Why does FATS saturation side chains link to it being solid at room temp?

A

Saturated side chains are typically straight chains

This allows the molecules to get close together and more attracted to eachother

This results in more energy being needed for it to move the molecules, thus high melting point and solidity

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20
Q

Why does OILS unsaturated side chains link to it being liquid at room temp?

A

Unsaturated side chains are typically “bent/kinked” which prevents molecules from being close to eachother, therefore the force of attraction is not that strong

Ultimately, less energy is required to move the molecules, hence low melting point and liquidity

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21
Q

Are all fats equal in terms of our health?

A

NO

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22
Q

What are the two main types of polyunsaturated fats

A
  1. Omega-3 fats
  2. Omega-6 fats

Neither can be made naturally within the body

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23
Q

What are some examples of Omega-3 Fat Sources?

4 listed

A
  • Soybeans
  • Walnuts
  • Salmon
  • Canola Oil
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24
Q

What are some examples of Omega-6 Fat Sources?

4 listed

A
  • Margarine
  • Sunflower, soybean and sesame oils
  • Nuts
  • Sunflower seeds
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25
Q

What are the benefits of Polyunsaturated (Omega-3 and Omega-6) fats?

Three benefits

A
  • Provides protection against heart disease
  • Lowers blood triglyceride levels
  • Lowers Blood pressure
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26
Q

What is the Daily Recommended intake for Omega-3’s and Omega-6’s?

A

Daily Recommended intake: 250-500 mg of both Omega-3 and Omega-6

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27
Q

What is the benefit of Monounsaturated fats?

A

Lowers cholesterol

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28
Q

What are some sources of Monounsaturated fats?

There are 5 listed:

A
  • Olive Oil
  • Canola Oil
  • Peanut Oil
  • Nuts
  • Avocados
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29
Q

Why is saturated fats bad for you?

Two reasons

A

Overeating food with saturated fats can cause cholesterol (a waxy substance found in blood) to build up within the arteries

As a result, it can risks of heart disease and stroke

Additionally, eating foods rich in saturated fats can result in adding extra calories which can lead to weight gain

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30
Q

Which fats has more calories

Monounsaturated or Saturated?

A

Monounsaturated

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31
Q

What are some sources of Saturated fats?

There are 5 listed:

A
  • Butter
  • Coconut Oil
  • Cheese
  • Red meat
  • French fries
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32
Q

Difference between the fats in Avocado and French fries

A

Avocado has more fats but they are rich in monoounsaturated fats, whereas French fries are rich in saturated fats

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33
Q

What are trans fats?

Where does it come from

A

Are fats that naturally occurs in beef, lamb, and dairy products naturally

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34
Q

What happens when consuming food rich in trans fats?

A

Similar to saturated fats, it increases the deposit of cholesterol onto arterial walls

In easier words, Trans fats causes cholesterol to build within the arteries

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35
Q

What are the three ways in which fats are used in the body?

A
  1. Makes up cell membranes
  2. Stored as energy in the liver or fat tissue
  3. Used as energy by being converted to ketones or glucose
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36
Q

What are the three important sources of energy for the body?

A
  1. Sugars
  2. Fibers
  3. Starches
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37
Q

What is glucose?

A

A simple carbohydrate that is known as the main source of energy for bodily function

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38
Q

How are carbohydrates classified?

A

Are classified based on the number of saccharides they contain

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39
Q

What are the different classifications of carbohydrates called?

Theres 3

A
  1. Monosaccharaides
  2. Disaccharides
  3. Polysaccharides
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40
Q

How do mono, di, and polysaccharides work?

A

Monosaccharide: Only one class of sugar that cannot be broken down any further

Disaccharides: When theres two classes of sugars are bonded together

Polysaccharides: When theres more than two sugar molecules bonded together

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41
Q

What are the similarities between all carbohydrates?

A
  1. Are all composed exclusively of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
  2. The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen within all carbohydrate molecules are always usually 2:1
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42
Q

What is the first way carbohydrates are used in the body?

A

Immediate energy

Essentially, once metabolized, carbohydrates are converted into glucose and are sent into the bloodstream by the liver to be used as immediate energy for the cells

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43
Q

What is the second way carbohydrates are used in the body?

A

Stored energy

Once the bloodstream consists of enough glucose, the liver will take all excess glucose and convert it to glycogen, which is a stored form of glucose energy

It is then stored in the liver and muscles which combined, can store about 2000 Calories worth

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44
Q

What is the third way in which carbohydrates are used in the body

A

Stored fat

Once the bloodstream has enough glucose, and the glycogen reservoirs are full, the excess glucose is stored as fat in fat tissues

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45
Q

Does a high carb, low carb diet matter?

A

Not at all because it matters what type of carbohydrates are in the diet

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46
Q

How does different types of carbohydrates affect the body?

A

Depending on how much faster it digests, carbohydrates that are digested and absorbed quickly can result in a rapid increase of blood sugar, which is associated with increased risk of diabetes and obesity

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47
Q

What is a High-Glycemic Index and a Low-Glycemic Index

A

High-Glycemic Index: Carbohydrates that are digested and absorbed quickly, which can result in fast and high spikes in blood sugar levels

Low-Glycemic Index: Carbohydrates that are digested more slowly, which results in a more controlled change in blood sugar levels

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48
Q

What is protein responsible for?

A

Helps give the shape for our bodies

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49
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Are long polymers which are made up of a long sequence of amino acids

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50
Q

What are the amino acids in Proteins made of?

A

Contains an amino (-NH2) and a carboxylic (-CO2) functional groups

BUT also has a changing “R” side chain

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51
Q

What are the functions of amino acid
1. Valine
2. Threonine
3. Tryptophan

A

Valine: Helps stimulate muscle growth and regeneration

Threonine: Plays a role in fat metabolism and immune function

Tryptophan: A precurser to serotonin, a neutrotransmitter that regulates appetite, sleep and mood

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52
Q

How do amino acids link, and what are the classifications?

What does a protein consist because of this?

A

Amino acids link linearly to form peptides

Dipeptides: Formed after linking 2 amino acids together
Tripeptide: Formed after linking 3 amino acids together
Polypeptide: Formed after linking 4 and more amino acids together

A protein consist of at least one or more peptide chains

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53
Q

What is the first way in which the body uses protein?

A

As building blocks

Once proteins are metabolized, proteins are broken down into amino acids, which are used to create enzymes, hormones, tissues, and transport fats throughout the body or build antibodies

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54
Q

What is the second way proteins are used in the body?

A

Energy

If the body is low on fuel, the liver can convert protein into energy

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55
Q

What is the third way protein is used in the body

A

Stored as fat

If protein isn’t needed for building blocks or energy, it will be converted to fat

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56
Q

What is the one thing protein has that other macronutrients don’t have?

A

Only macronutrient to contain nitrogen

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57
Q

How much protein should an average adult have everyday

A

0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight

(150 lb or 68 kg person requires 55g of protein each day)

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58
Q

What is the Difference between High-quality proteins and Low-quality proteins?

A

High-quality proteins: Contains the same ratio of essential amino acids as the ones we have in our bodies (eggs, meat, poultry, etc)

BUT may have high amounts of saturated fats and sodium

Low-quality proteins: Proteins that are deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids (plant based foods like grains, legumes and nuts)

less saturated fats and sodium, are deemed much healthier

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59
Q

What are the three main types of Protein Powders and what do they do?

A
  1. Whey
  2. Soy
  3. Casein (Protein found in milk)

All of which deliver large amounts of protein per serving

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60
Q

What is the Energy Balance?

A

The Energy that goes in are macronutrients like Fats, Carbs, and Protein

The Energy that goes out are caused by Exercise, Thermic effect of food, and basal metabolism

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61
Q

How does the body dispel all energy that is provided by food?

3 Things`

A
  1. Exercise
  2. Thermic Effect
  3. Basal Metabolism
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62
Q

How does exercise take energy?

A

The energy is used to perform even the most minimal activies (like breathing, keeping eyes open, and such)

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63
Q

How does the Thermic Effect of Food take Energy? (TEF)

A

Energy is used when we digest and metabolize food

After eating a meal, we may feel a little warmer or our heartbeats may beat faster

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64
Q

How much food energy is used for Thermic Effect of Food?

A

10% of energy from food is used for digesting food

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65
Q

How does Basal Metabolism take energy?

A

Energy is used to operate the work that happens within our lungs, like keeping our hearts beating, lungs expanding, and organs working in general

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66
Q

What are Vitamins for?
(Macronutrient)

3 functions

A
  1. Energy production
  2. Immune function
  3. Blood clotting
    etc…
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67
Q

What are Minerals for?
(Macronutrient)

3 functions

A
  1. Growth
  2. Bone health
  3. Fluid balance
    etc…
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68
Q

What two groups divide Vitamins?

A
  1. Water soluble vitamins: soluble in water and polar solvents
  2. Fat soluble vitamins: soluble in fats and non-polar solvents
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69
Q

What is ascorbic and acid?

A

Ascorbic: Can protect humans from scurvy

Acid: Vitamin C is an acid

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70
Q

What is the role of Vitamin C?

What is it important for in our bodies?

A

Crucial for the formation of bonds that hold together the strands of collagen within our connective tissues

Important for our skin, muscles, blood vessels, scar tissue, etc.

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71
Q

What foods are rich in Vitamin C?

3 listed

A
  1. Red peppers
  2. Orange Juice
  3. Grapefruit juice
  4. etc…
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72
Q

What is the daily recommended intake for Vitamin C?

A

90 mg for male (19+)

75 mg for females (19+)

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73
Q

Is Vitamin C stored in the body?

A

No, instead they are flushed out with our urine

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74
Q

What is the role for Vitamin A?

A

Helps maintain the health of eyes, skins, and mucus membranes

Additionally, it helps maintain good vision in dim light

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75
Q

What happens when a person is Vitamin A deficient?

A

They may produce “night blindness” which essentially means they cannot see in the dark

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76
Q

Is Vitamin A fat-soluble or water-soluble?

A

Fat-soluble

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77
Q

How should Vitamin A be consumed?

A

Should be consumed alongside a source of fat

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78
Q

Where is Vitamin A stored in the body?

A

Is stored within the liver and fatty tissues for future use

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79
Q

What are the consequences of excess Vitamin A consumption

4 things

A

Generally no harm, but toxic doses can cause:

  1. Vision loss
  2. Nausea
  3. Hair Loss
  4. Death
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80
Q

Where is Vitamin A sourced from?

4 things listed

And what is the daily recommended intake?

A
  1. Beef liver
  2. Sweet potato
  3. Spinach
  4. Pumpkin Pie

900 mg for males (19-50)
700 mg for females (19-50)

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81
Q

How does beta-carotene relate to Vitamin A?

A

Digesting a food source with beta-carotene can cause a chemical reaction in our bodies, turning beta-carotene to Vitamin A

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82
Q

What is Vitamin D used for and how do we get it

A

Vitamin D helps promote the absorption of food-borne calcium and phosphorus through the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream. Also helps form and maintain healthy bones

Vitamin D can be formed in the body through Sun’s UV Rays, but oftentimes is considered scarce because we live indoors and wear clothing

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83
Q

Is Vitamin D fat-soluble or water-soluble?

A

Is fat-soluble

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84
Q

What are the two major forms of Vitamin D?

A

D2: Ergocalciferol

D3: Cholecalciferol

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85
Q

What is the source of D2: Ergocalciferol and D3: Cholecalciferol

A

D2: Ergocalciferol:
- Found in plant-sourced and fortified foods like mushrooms, fortified foods, dietary supplements

D3: Cholecalciferol
- Found in animal sourced foods like oily fish, liver, egg yolk, etc, and can be formed in the skin

86
Q

What is the daily recommended intake of Vitamin D

A

15 mg for male and female (19-50)

87
Q

How many different types of Vitamin B are there?

A

8 types

88
Q

What are the foods that are rich in Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine

3 listed

And what is the daily recommended intake

A
  1. Chickpeas
  2. Beef liver
  3. Tuna

Daily recommended intake is 1.3 mg for both male and females

88
Q

What is the role of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

A

Necessary in breaking down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats

Also supports immune function and brain health

89
Q

Is Vitamin B6 fat-soluble or water-soluble?

A

Water soluble

90
Q

What is Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) responsible for

A

Folate helps form the DNA and RNA involved in protein metabolism

Folate is needed to produce healthy red blood cells, and is crucial during periods of rapid growth like pregnancy and fetal development

91
Q

What are sources of Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) aswell as the daily recommended intake?

4 listed

A
  1. Beef liver
  2. Spinach
  3. Black-eyed peas
  4. Fortified breakfast cereals

400 mcg for both male and females (19-50)

BUT 600 mcg for pregnant females

92
Q

Is Vitamin B9 fat-soluble or water-soluble

A

water-soluble

93
Q

What is Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) responsible for?

A

Responsible for forming red blood cells and DNA and is also a key player in the function and development of brain and nerve cells

94
Q

What are sources of Vitamin B12 and the Daily Recommended Intake?

4 listed

A
  1. Beef liver
  2. Salmon
  3. 2% milk
  4. Fortified breakfast cereals

2.4 mcg for both males and females

95
Q

Is Vitamin B12 fat-soluble or water-soluble

A

Water-soluble

96
Q

Besides C, H, O, and N, what is the most important element in our body?

A

Calcium

97
Q

What are the Structural Differences between Vitamins and Minerals?

A

Vitamin structure are in complex arrangements whereas minerals consist of atoms or ions of individual elements

98
Q

What are the common natural remedies for pain?

3 listed

A
  • Willow Bark
  • Turmeric
  • Cloves
99
Q

When were semisynthetic drugs available?

A

19th century

100
Q

What did semisynthetic drugs provide to users?

A

Greater effectiveness with fewer side effects compared to natural products

101
Q

What are all the things Aspirin acts as?

5 things

A
  1. Analgesic (pain reliever)
  2. Antipyretic (lower fever)
  3. Anti-inflammatory agent (reduce inflammation)
  4. Treating rheumatoid arthritis
  5. Prevents certain types of strokes and heart attacks
102
Q

How does Aspirin work?

A

Must be digested to enter the bloodstream

103
Q

How does pH within the stomach relate to Aspirin digestion?

A

The higher the pH (more basic) the faster the Aspirin breaks up and the faster it goes into the bloodstream

104
Q

What are NSAIDs?

A

Are non-sterioidal anti-inflammatory drugs which are drugs like Aspirin, Ibuprofen, etc.

105
Q

What do NSAIDs do?

3 listed

A
  1. Eases pain
  2. Lowers fever
  3. Turns down inflammation
106
Q

What are NSAIDs Mechanism of Action?

A

Inhibits the formation of prostaglandins, which are compounds named for the prostate tissue and seminal fluid they were discovered in

107
Q

What are Prostaglandins responsible for?

3 listed

A

Found in every tissue within a male and body, responsible for:

  1. Sensation of pain and its transmission along the nervous system
  2. Generation of fevers
  3. Within the swelling of inflammations
108
Q

What is the process of NSAIDs interfering with the formation of prostaglandins called?

A

Enzyme Inhibition

109
Q

How does a normal enzyme function?

A

A starting material will bind itself onto the active site of an enzyme, to produce a product

110
Q

How does Enzyme Inhibition work?

A

A reversible or irreversible reaction where an inhibitor sits in the active site, preventing the substrate (starting material) to bind itself on the active site, preventing the formation of the chemical reaction

111
Q

Difference between COX-1 (Cycloxygenase-1) and COX-2 (Cyclooxygenase-2)

A

COX-1: Is found in multiple tissues, including the stomach, makes prostaglandins to protect the stomach lining

COX-2: Creates prostaglandins that signal pain and inflammation

112
Q

What is the benefit of Aspirin? (NSAIDs)

A

Extremely effective in blocking the formation of prostaglandins that promote pain, causes blood clots, and blocks the clots that are responsible for narrowing the blood vessels and causing inflammation

113
Q

What is the Bad thing about Aspirin? (NSAIDs)

A
  1. Long term uses may cause bleeding and stomach ulcers
  2. Decreases blood clotting capabilities
  3. Can produce intolerance effects and can worsen asthma
  4. Reye’s Syndrome
114
Q

Why were children discouraged to use Aspirin?

What sickness was labled with these symptoms?

A

A correlation was found between Aspirin and multi-organ damage, along with a 20-40% mortality rate amongst kids

Discovered by Dr. Douglas Reye, hence Reye’s Syndrome

115
Q

How is Reye Syndrome caused

A

A result of children using aspirin following a viral infection

116
Q

Difference between Acetaminophen and NSAIDs?

A

Acetaminophin and NSAID’s both do the same thing however Acetaminophen cannot affect inflammation

117
Q

What was Acetanilide?

A

A compound that was known to alleviate fever since 1886, however the compound was noted to be toxic

118
Q

What 2 compounds was created as an alternative to Acetanilide?

A

Acetaminophen and Phenacetin

119
Q

What happened to Phenacetin?

A

Banned in 1983 due to tendency to damage kidney

120
Q

How was tylenol marketed?

A

Marketed as a fever reductant for children to reduce competition with Aspirin

121
Q

How does Acetaminophen work?

A

Blocks COX enzymes (catalysts that creates prostaglandins)

122
Q

Whats the difference to Tylenol and Aspirin in the way they work?

A

NSAID’s cause enzyme inhibition within the peripheral nervous system, whereas acetaminophen causes enzyme inhibition in the central nervous system

123
Q

Whats the good thing about Acetaminophen

A

Was a good alternate for Aspirin for those who were sensitive, and can be used in children

Also provided relief for pain and fever but not inflammation and does not affect kidneys significantly

124
Q

Bad thing about Acetaminophen

A

Tylenol exerts its effects after entering the bloodstream

Additionally high doses or long-term use can impact liver function as the liver is where it breaks down acetaminophen

ALSO CANNOT DRINK ALCOHOL AND TYLENOL AT THE SAME TIME

125
Q

What is consumed when drinking alcohol?

A

Ethanol

126
Q

How is ethanol produced?

A

Produced naturally by the fermentation of carbs of grains, fruits and starchy vegetables

127
Q

What differs in alcohol?

A

The nature of the plant material used in the fermentation process

128
Q

What does Proof mean in alcohol

A

Proof of an alcohol is twice the percentage of alcohol it contains

128
Q

What is the alcohol percentage by volume in beer, wine, and hard liquors?

A

Beer: 4-6%
Wine: 12-14%
Hard Liquors: 40% alcohol by volume (referred to as 80 proof)

129
Q

Where does alcohol go once consumed?

A

It enters the stomach and small intestine where small blood vessel carries it to the bloodstream

130
Q

Whats the percentage of alcohol that is absorbed in the body?

A

20% of it is absorbed in the stomach, whereas the remaining 80% is absorbed through the small intestine

131
Q

Where is alcohol metabolized?

A

Within the liver, where enzymes break down the alcohol

132
Q

How much alcohol can the liver metabolize

What happens when you consume more than the liver can metabolize?

A

1 shot of liquor per hour

System will become saturated and the additional alcohol will accumulate in the blood and body tissues until it can be metabolized

133
Q

What is the Blood Alcohol Concentration?

A

Controls how much we feel the short-term mental and physical effects from alcohol

Translated as grams of ethanol per 100 mL blood

134
Q

How does alcohol effect the brain?

A

Acts as a central nervous system depressant which slows down the signaling between the brain and the rest of the body

135
Q

What are the Seven stages of Alcohol Consumption

A
  1. Euphoria: Increases dopamine release which creates pleasurable sensation
  2. Depression, Disorientation and Memory Loss (BAC> 0.05): Blood and body tissue begins to absorb extra alcohol
  3. Excitement (BAC = 0.09-0.25): Occipital, temporal and frontal lobes are responsible for blurred vision, slurred speech and lack of control respectively
  4. Confusion (BAC = 0.18-0.3): Cerebellum which helps coordination is impacted, individual needs help walking and standing, blackouts may occur
  5. Stupor (BAC = 0.25-0.40): Alcohol poisoning, all mental, physical, and sensory functions are impaired
  6. Coma (BAC = 0.35): Potential for going into coma
  7. Death (BAC > 0.45): Potential for death due to alcohol poisoning
136
Q

How does Alcohol relate to Body Weight?

A

Is the second most calorie-rich nutrient after fat

Beer has a similar number of calories as sugary soft drinks whereas red wine has twice as much

However, studies that link alcohol and weight are highly inconsistent as some suggest moderate drinking is linked to reduced weight gain whereas heavy drinking is linked to increased weight gain

137
Q

What is the difference in how men and women digest alcohol?

3 listed

A
  1. Ability to dilute alcohol as females have less body water as they have 52% body water in comparison to male having 61%
  2. Ability to metabolize alcohol: Females have less dehydrogenase, which is a liver enzyme that breaks down alcohol in comparison to men
  3. Hormonal Differences: Estrogen slows down the rate at which alcohol is eliminated from the body
138
Q

What are the Potential Benefits of Alcohol?

A

Having 1-2 drinks of alcohol per day can lower the risk of developing cardiovascular disease

Red wine helps the heart and it can also help with memory loss

Wine can help boost vaccine’s effects

Xanthohumol which is found in beer can help protect brain cells from damage

139
Q

Problems with alcohol and pregnancy

A

Alcohol can pass onto the baby via umbilical cord, can also cause miscarriage, stillbirth, and a range of physical, behavioural and intellectual disabilities known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

140
Q

What are the characteristics associated with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs)

5 notes

A
  1. Abnormal facial features
  2. Small head size
  3. Shorter-than-average height
  4. Low body weight
  5. Poor memory
141
Q

How does breathalyzer work?

What was the original breathalyzer?

A

Tests the breath alcohol content

Used a change in colour to detect presence of alcohol as the degree of green is directly related to amount of alcohol tested

142
Q

What is used within Breathalyzer tests?

A

An infrared spectroscopy is used to detect the breath using a beam of IR radiation

It works because alcohol is an organic compound that can absorb IR radiation

Essentially, the detector measures how much IR was initially sent out and how much was absorbed by alcohol

143
Q

What causes the flushed face, nausea, headache and vomiting from excess alcohol consumption?

(On a molecular level)

A

Since the conversion of acetaldehyde to acetate ion is slow, it can cause a build up which causes the mentioned symptoms

144
Q

What two compounds are in cannabis?

A

Generally called Cannabinoids, but the most common compounds are

  1. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
  2. Cannabidiol (CBD)
145
Q

Difference between THC and CBD?

A

Both have same chemical formula but are arranged differently

THC is found in high concentrations in marijuana plant whereas CBD is found in high concentrations in the Hemp plant

146
Q

What are the primary methods of Marijuana Consumption?

A
  1. Smoke
  2. Vape
  3. Eat
  4. Drink
  5. Topical Solutions
147
Q

What feeling does THC and CBD give?

A

THC gives high feeling whereas CBD induces a feeling of well-being and pain relief (not a high)

148
Q

What is the Endocannabinoid System (ECS)

A

A complex cell-signaling system discovered in the early 1990s

Promotes homeostasis (when external environment changes, ECS keeps our body’s internal process stable)

As life stressors increases, ECS helps maintain neuroplasticity and reduce risk of depression and anxiety

149
Q

What are the three core components in the Endocannabinoid System?

A
  1. Endocannabinoids
  2. Receptors
  3. Enzymes
150
Q

What are Endocannabinoids and what do they do?

A

Natural molecules which are similar to cannabinoids made by the body

Can help keep internal functions running smoothly and are produced as needed

151
Q

What are the 2 key endocannabinoids so far?

A
  1. Anandamide (AEA)
  2. 2-arachidonyglyerol (2-AG)
152
Q

What are Endocannabinoid Receptors?

A

Are receptors found within our bodies

153
Q

How do Endocannabinoid Receptors work?

A

Endocannabinoids will bind to the receptors in order to signal that ECS needs to take action to maintain homeostasis

154
Q

What are two main Endocannabinoid Receptors

A

CB1 (found in central nervous system)

CB2 (found in peripheral nervous system, especially immune cells)

155
Q

What is the role for CB1 and CB2 Receptors?

A

Endocannabinoids may bind to either as

CB1 can be binded within spinal nerve to relieve pain

CB2 can be binded to signal that body is experiencing inflammation

156
Q

What are enzymes responsible for in the Endocannabinoid system?

A

Responsible for breaking down endocannabinoids once they carried out their function

157
Q

How do Neurons and Neurotransmitters work?

A

They communicate with each other (other neurons) along with the rest of the body by sending chemical messages (neurotransmitters)

Once neurotransmitters are released, they travel across a gap (synapse) and attaches to a specific receptor located on a nearby neuro (postsynaptic cell) which triggers a set of events

158
Q

How does the Endocannabinoid System (ECS) work backwards

A

Once a postsynaptic neuron is activated, endocannabinoids are made “on demand” from fat cells, are then released and travel backward to the presynaptic cell where they attach to cannabinoid receptors

159
Q

What are the effects linked to ECS maintaining Homeostasis

3 noted

A
  1. Appetite and Digestion
  2. Metabolism
  3. Chronic Metabolism
160
Q

What happens when a person smokes marijuana?

A

The THC will overwhelm the ECS, by quickly attaching to cannabinoid receptors throughout the body, preventing natural cannabinoids in doing their job

161
Q

What are the effects of THC?

3 listed

A
  1. Slow down a person’s reaction time
  2. Disrupts ability to remember things
  3. Increases appetite
162
Q

What are the Short-term impacts Marijuana has on the brain?

There are 3

A
  1. Reddened eyes
  2. Dry Mouth
  3. Increased appetite
163
Q

What are the long-term impacts from Marijuana?

A
  1. Can affect brain development
  2. If used at a young age, drug can impair thinking, memory and learning functions
164
Q

Can a person get high from second-hand smoke of Marijuana?

A

Very unlikely but possible over prolonged periods

165
Q

Can Marijuana cause addiction?

A

Not physical addiction per se but habitual use can lead to psychological dependence

166
Q

What are Alkaloids?

A

Major category of plant compounds that are known for their alkalinity

167
Q

Where does Alkaloids get their basicity from?

A

From an amine group

168
Q

What do alkaloids do?

A

Originally known as nakotikos in the Greek language defined as numbing or stupefying, Alkaloids can dull the mind, induce sleep and generally numb the senses

169
Q

What are the two known alkaloid (opium) constituents?

A

Morphine: (10% of dried opium) a powerful narcotic, which is a potent analgesic and a cough suppressant and produces variety of psychological responses like apathy and euphoria

Codeine: Less potent analgesic than morphine but is one of the most powerful cough suppressants

170
Q

What is similar between Morphine and Codeine?

A

Are highly addictive and has the most powerful constipating agent

171
Q

What do Opioid Narcotics do in the brain?

A

Binds to opioid receptors within the brain, spine and other organs that are sensitive to pain

172
Q

What are the 4 opioid receptors?

What happens when opioids are binded to these receptors?

A
  1. Mu
  2. Delta
  3. Kappa
  4. Opioid Receptor Like-1 (ORL1)

Signal is sent to dopamine terminal to release dopamine and pain is blocked

173
Q

How is tolerance built to morphine?

A

As morphine binds to opioid receptors, it can trigger the inhibition of an enzyme that orchestrates several chemicals in the cell to maintain the firing of impulses

After repeated activation from the opioid receptor, the enzyme can adapt and no longer cause changes in cell firing

Dosage must increase for this to work again

174
Q

How is Heroin in replacement to Opioids?

A

Because opioids are prescription, it can be hard to come by, therefore people turn to a stronger and cheaper alternative whihc is Heroin

175
Q

How was Heroin created?

A

By scientists who wanted to find a nonaddictive molecular modification of morphine

176
Q

What is the by-products of heroin manufacturing?

A

Acetic acid as the main component is vinegar, hence why guard dogs are trained to smell a vinegar like odor due to chance of acetic acid

177
Q

How was Heroin first marketed?

A

Proved to be a powerful narcotic and cough suppresant and was promised not to be addictive, however it was proved to be one of the most addictive

178
Q

How is Highly pure Heroin ingested?

A

Smoked or snorted

179
Q

How is “black tar” heroin ingested?

A

Is ingested into veins, muscles or under the skin

180
Q

How does Heroin travel within the body?

A

Starts in the bloodstream and travels to the brain, converting to morphine and binds rapidly to the mu-opioid receptors (MORs) within the brain and acts to regulate pain and initiate a feeling of well-being

181
Q

What are the Short-term impacts of Heroin use?

A

Initiates a feeling of “rush” as the rush is a function of how much drug was taken and how fast it travels to the opioid receptors

After initial effects the user will feel drowsy for several hours, and mental function is impaired, and heart function slows and breathing is severely slowed

182
Q

What are the Long-term impacts of Heroin use?

A

Can change physical structure and physiology within the brain, creating a long-term imbalance in neuronal and hormonal systems that are not easily reversed

Studies revealed that white matter deteriorated due to Heroin use, affecting decision making, ability to regulate behaviour and responses to stressful situations

Heroin can also lead to tolerance and dependance

183
Q

What are withdrawl symptoms of Heroin after its been taken?

4 noted

A
  1. Restlessness
  2. Muscle and bone pain
  3. Vomiting and diarrhea
  4. Cold flashes “cold turkey”
184
Q

What are the medical complications of Heroin use?

A

Can cause insomnia and constipation

Some users may experience mental health disorders like antisocial personality disorder

Chronic injections also lead to scarred and or collapsed veins, bacterial infections of the blood vessels and heart valves

Remember that the sharing of needles can lead to infections like hepatitis B and C, HIV and other bloodborne illnesses

185
Q

Problems of using Heroin while pregnant?

A

Baby can become dependant on opioid due to heroin passing through the placenta then to the fetus, can cause the baby to excessively cry, fever, irritability, seizures and possibly death

Is called Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS)

186
Q

How is Neonatal Abstinene Syndrome treated?

A

Baby needs to be hospitalized and treated with morphine to relieve symptoms until baby is opioid free

187
Q

What are Synthetic Opioids?

A

Developed and act on the same opioid receptors in the brain as natural and semisynthetic opioids

Does not have same core morphine like structure though

188
Q

What are two examples of Synthetic Opioids?

A

Fentanyl: An anesthetic and analgesic with potency 80 times stronger than morphine

Methadone: An analgesic used to treat heroin addiction as it is addictive but doesn’t produce euphoria or other psychological effects of heroin

189
Q

How does Cocaine work?

A

Stimulates a buildup of a large amount of dopamine within the brain, which is the neurotransmitter that signals a sense of pleasure

It affects all areas of the brain that has dopamine, the limbic system

Under regular conditions, dopamine will recycle itself back into the cell that released it

190
Q

How do people build tolerance to cocaine?

A

Because Cocaine prevents dopamine from being recycles, there will be a large buildup in the space between the two nerve cells. The limbic system eventually adapts to excess dopamine and becomes less sensitive to it, therefore it requires people to take a stronger dose to feel the same high

191
Q

What are short term impacts of cocaine?

5 Impacts

A

Initial impacts almost immediately disappears within a few minutes to an hour

These impacts include:

  1. Extreme happiness and energy
  2. Mental alertness
  3. Hypersensitivity to light, sound and touch
  4. Irritability
  5. Paranoia
192
Q

What are long-term cocaine effects?

Based on usage

A

Depending on method of use:

Snorting: loss of smell, nosebleeds, etc

Smoking: cough, asthma, respiratory distress

Consuming by mouth: severe bowel decay from reduced blood flow

Needle injection: higher risk of contracting HIV, hepatitis C and other bloodborne illnesses

193
Q

How does Cocaine turn into a salt

A

Essentially, it can be created into cocaine hydrochloride with an acid treatment, which has similar physical properties to those as table salt

Is how “Crack cocaine” is named

194
Q

What is Caffeine?

A

Most widely used psychoactive substance that are naturally occuring in plant species within the Tropic or Sub-Tropic regions such as the coffee arabica plant

195
Q

How do we feel sleepy and how does Caffeine work?

A

When Adenosine is created, it binds to adenosine receptors causing drowsiness by slowing down nerve cell activity

Caffeine works by binding to adenosine receptors and speeding up nerve cell activity which causes increased neuron firing, which is detected by the pituitary gland and produces adrenaline

196
Q

How is caffeine similar to heroin in cocaine?

A

Only slightly similar because it prevents dopamine recycling in the body and forces it to be accumulated in the brain

197
Q

What are the positive impacts of Caffeine?

3 listed

A
  1. Increased Energy Levels
  2. Feeling Less Tired
  3. In a good mood
198
Q

What are the Health Benefits of Caffeine?

3 listed

A
  1. Boosts metabolic rate
  2. Improve physical performance
  3. Contains essential nutrients
199
Q

What are the negative impacts of Caffeine?

3 listed

A
  1. Anxiety
  2. Insomnia
  3. Digestive Issues (laxative effect)
200
Q

Is decaf any better?

A

Beneficial to those sensitive to caffeine as it has less caffeine

201
Q

What is Nicotine?

A

Lethal substance used as a powerful agricultural insecticide which is found in the leaves of a tobacco plant

202
Q

How toxic can nicotine be?

A

Absorbing more than 50 mg of nicotine can kill an adult

203
Q

What are ways of consuming Nicotine?

A
  1. Smoke
  2. Sniff
  3. Chew
  4. Inhale
204
Q

How does nicotine affect the body and brain

A

Is absorbed within the blood and stimulates the adrenal glands to release epinephrine (adrenaline)

The Epinephrine stimulates the CNS and increases blood pressure, breathing and heart rate, also prevents dopamine recycling

205
Q

What are the Health Effects of Smoking?

A

Nicotine is highly addictive

Other severe health effects come from other chemicals like ammonia or acetaldehyde that were added to the cigarette

206
Q

What are the health effects for smoking?

4 listed

A
  1. Lung cancer
  2. Chronic bronchitis
  3. Emphysema
  4. Heart disease
207
Q

How does Hallucinogens work?

A

Acts on the neural circuits within the brain that uses the neurotransmitter serotonin, causing the user to see images, hear sounds, and feel sensations that seem real

208
Q

What do Amphetamines do?

A

Raises pulse rate and blood pressure, reduces fatigue and appetite and temporarily suspends the desire for sleep

209
Q

What is an example of Amphetamines

A

Adderall, which is prescribed to treat Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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