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Cell Bio > Energy Metabolism- Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Energy Metabolism- Carbohydrates Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Carbohydrate structure

A

(CH2O)n(3,4,5,6,7,8)

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2
Q

Function of carbs

A

E source, E storage (in liver & muscles), cell membrane component (communication), structural component (cell wall of bacteria)

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3
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simple sugars; all carbs are made of monosaccharides

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4
Q

How monosaccharides are named

A

number of C’s

glucose (hexose) & ribose (pentose) are most important

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5
Q

Glucose in solution

A

easily switches between 3 isomers

open chain, alpha-ring, beta-ring

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6
Q

Carbohydrate groups

A

Aldoses and Ketoses

ribose & glucose are aldoses

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7
Q

Isomer

A

same chemical formula but different arrangement of atoms

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8
Q

Enantiomer

A

mirror image of same molecule

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9
Q

Galactose and Glucose make…

A

Lactose

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10
Q

Sugar derivatives

A

replacement of a single OH group by another group

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11
Q

Disaccharide

A

2 monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

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12
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

a dehyration rxn

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13
Q

Oligosaccharide

A

3-10 monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

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14
Q

Polysaccharide

A

10+ monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

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15
Q

Beginning of digestion of Carbs

A

alpha-amylase in the intestinal lumen

*humans and pigs have this enzyme in their mouth, too, so digestion starts there

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16
Q

Major dietary carbs

A

starch, glycogen, saccharose, lactose

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17
Q

Further digestion of carbs

A

achieved by pancreatic enzymes

maltase, isomaltase, lactase, saccharase

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18
Q

Absorption of carbs

A

takes place in duodenum and upper jejunum by sodium dependent transport mechanisms (SGLT) and facilitated transport (GLUT)

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19
Q

SGLT

A

sodium dependent mechanism that transports secondary molecules; uses E from one that’s already passed down to transport the next

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20
Q

GLUT

A

uses a concentration gradient to transport molecules

21
Q

Abnormal degradation of disaccharides

A

passage into large intestine leads to osmotic active, bacterial fermentation (causes gas, cramps, etc. Ex. lactose intolerance)

22
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

MAKE ATP & NADH

breaking down large molecules

23
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

USES ATP & NADH

makes/builds large molecules from small molecules

24
Q

Glucose transport into cells

A

elevation of glucose in blood activates GLUCOSE KINASE–> phosphorylates glucose to glucose 6-phosphate G6P–> F6P deactivates glucose kinase
14 different GLUT’s do this

25
Q

Glycolysis: Net gain

A

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP

26
Q

Glycolysis: Aerobic

A

pyruvate goes to mitochondria (TCA & Electron transport chain)
NADH goes to electron transport chain

27
Q

Glycolysis: Anaerobic

A

pyruvate stays in cytosol (RBC’s and Muscles; muscle cramps)
NADH is regenerated to NAD and back
1 lactate molecule generated per pyruvate

28
Q

Glycolysis

A

a central ATP-producing pathway:

takes place in cytosol

29
Q

Glycolysis Investment stages

A

Steps 1-3 (use 2 ATP)

30
Q

Glycolysis Harvesting steps

A

Steps 6-10 (produce 4 ATP)

31
Q

Regulation of glycolysis

A

insulin: activates stimulation of RL-enzymes
glucagon: inhibits stimulation of RL-enzymes

32
Q

TCA Cycle

A

final pathway where carbs, amino acids, and fatty acids converge;
E provided essential for animals;
takes place in mitochondrial matrix

33
Q

TCA Cycle: Net Gain

A

8 NADH
2 FADH2
2 GTP
All per one glucose molecule (2 pyruvates)

34
Q

TCA: First step

A

acetyl CoA and acetyl acetate make citrate

35
Q

TCA Cycle: NAD+

A

NAD+ gets reduced to NADH

36
Q

Mitochondria Facts

A

powerhouse of the cell; most ATP produced here; conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (oxidative decarboxylation); TCA; respiratory chain; ATP sythesis (oxidative phosphorylation); beta-oxidation

37
Q

Respiratory Chain

A

3 complexes; 2 intermediates (electron carriers); takes place in inner membrane of mitochondria; ATP synthase

38
Q

ATP Synthase

A

is reversible; F1 where ATP synthesized; F0 pumps protons to F1; oxidative phosphorylation; is a protein

39
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

make ADP into ATP

40
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

no more storage of glycogen so makes glucose from non-sugar molecules (amino acids, lactate, glycerol) when fasting;

41
Q

Important tissues for gluconeogenesis

A

liver and kidney

42
Q

Gluconeogenesis reactions

A

1) Pyruvate carboxylase
2) PEP-carboxykinase
3) Fructose 1,6-bisphophatase
4) Glucose 6-phosphate

43
Q

Gluconeogenesis regulation

A 
activates: glucagon
2 Mechanisms:
1) lowering levels of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate --> activates fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
2) modification of enzyme activity
3) induction of enzyme synthesis
44
Q

Glycogenesis

A

storing glucose as glycogen in liver and skeletal muscles;
occurs in cytosol;
requires ATP and UTP;
glucagon comes from alpha-cells in pancreas

45
Q

Glycogenesis building block

A

UDP- glucose;

is synthesized from glucose 1-phosphate and UTP by enzyme UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase

46
Q

Glycogenesis regulation

A

activates: insulin

47
Q

Pentose Phosphate Cycle

A 
hexose pathway; occurs in cytosol;
NO ATP consumed or generated
generates 2 NADPH;
synthesis of nitrous oxide;
deals with respiratory burst in phagocytic cells;
produces ribose 5-phosphate
48
Q

Gluconeogenesis example

A

Cori cycle: make glucose from lactate

49
Q

NADPH

A

source of electrons; carries electrons to respiratory chain complexes; respiratory burst in phagocytic cells; synthesis of nitrous oxide

Cell Bio (4 decks)

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