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Foundations of Nutrition > Energy Metabolism > Flashcards

Energy Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What does 1kcal convert to in joules?

A

4.184kJ = 1kcal

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2
Q

Wha is the difference between gross energy and metabolisable energy

A

GE is the complete energy contents of food when measure the heat energy released from combusted food to CO2 and H20

ME is the energy we consume from foods in the diet (i.e. GE - energy losses through incomplete digestion and energy lost in urine and sweat via urea / incomplete breakdown of proteins)

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3
Q

What does the kcal represent on food labels?

A

Metabolisable Energy

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4
Q

Atwater factor for fat?

A

37kJ/g (9kcal)

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5
Q

Atwater factor for NSPs?

A

8kJ/g (2kcal)

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6
Q

Atwater factor for monosaccarhides?

A

16kJ/g (4kcal)

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7
Q

Atwater factor for protein?

A

17kJ/g (4kcal)

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8
Q

Alcohol atwater factors?

A

29kJ/g (7kcal)

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9
Q

Give 2 of the 3 major functions of ATP

A

Drives metabolic reactions that do not occur naturally

Transports substances across membranes (particularly against concentration gradients)

Mechanical work (e.g. skeletal muscle contraction)

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10
Q

What is negative energy balance?

A

When energy in < energy expended -> i.e. weight loss

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11
Q

What is positive energy balance?

A

When energy in > energy expended -> i.e. weight gain

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12
Q

Name 3 components of energy expenditure?

A

BMR / RMR
PA
Thermic effect of food

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13
Q

What is the biggest contributor to energy expenditure in the normal person?

A

BMR

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14
Q

What is the most variable contributor to energy expenditure?

A

Physical activity

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15
Q

What is the different between BMR and RMR

A

RMR is when the strict conditions of BMR are not met and unable to turn of the sympathetic nervous system

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16
Q

What are some of the strict conditions of BMR to be true

A

awake, resting (lying down), 12 hours after eating, thermal neutrality

17
Q

What is total energy expenditure?

A

A multiple of BMR based on PAL

18
Q

Name 4 key influencers of EE that isn’t PA or BMR

A 
Hormone Status 
Smoking (raises RMR)
Age
Body Size (weight>height)
Body composition 
Illness 
Ambience of temperature
19
Q

How does illness impact EE?

A

Normally there is an overall reduction in TEE due to reduced lean body weight, fat mass and PA
There is usually an increase in BMR but this is overcompensated by the lack of PA

20
Q

What are dietary reference values?

A

Quantitative guidelines estimated for the population to prevent macro & micro nutrient deficiencies

21
Q

What are dietary goals?

A

Quantitative national targets for macro and micro nutrients aimed to prevent long-term conditions

22
Q

What are dietary guidelines?

A

Broad targets (both quant and qual) to promote nutritional wellbeing

23
Q

How is BMI utilised generically?

A

Allows for assessing body weight in context of associated risk of comorbidities

24
Q

What is the BMI ranges?

A 
<18.5 U/W
18.5-24.9 N
25.0-29.9 O/W
30-34.9 O1
35-39.9 O2
40.0+ O3
25
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of using BMI as a measuring tool?

A

Advantage is being able to identify and track population weight trends

Disadvantage is not being able to assess fat distribution at the individual level

26
Q

What is energy requirement definition?

A

Amount of food energy required to maintain energy balance in order to maintain body size, body composition & the level of necessary and desired PA

27
Q

What information do you require to estimate BMR?

A

Body Size (weight, kg & height, m)
Age
Gender

28
Q

What equation is most commonly used to calculate BMR?

A

Schofield

29
Q

What is EAR?

A

Estimated Average Requirement

30
Q

What is EAR equivalent to?

A

TEE

31
Q

What factors is PAL independent of?

A

BMR / BMR Factors I.e. age, gender, weight

32
Q

What is understood by the term successful weight loss?

A

Optimising fat mass loss and minimising lean tissue / Fat Free Mass loss

33
Q

Why is the energy costs of weight loss and weight gain to be considered beyond a 24 hour period?

A

Because the fat, protein and carbohydrate stores in the body are capable of supplying the body with energy for a long period of time beyond 24 hours to manage food intake variability

34
Q

How much energy in deficit is required to loose one pound of weight?

A

3500kcal (32.2MJ)

Foundations of Nutrition (13 decks)

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