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Fundamentals Of The Living Cell > Energy II > Flashcards

Energy II Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

A

Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix

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2
Q

What is pyruvate converted into?

A

Pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA

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3
Q

What is produced from the citric acid cycle?

A

CO2 and NADH produced

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4
Q

How is citrate formed in citric acid cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA reacts with Oxaloacetate to form citrate

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5
Q

What is released when citrate undergoes further reactions for each glucose molecule?

A

○ 4 CO2
○ 6 NADH
○ 2 FADH2
2 GTP

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6
Q

What type of reaction is the formation of acetyl CoA?

A

Irreversible

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7
Q

What therefore happens to glucose if formation of acetyl CoA is irreversible?

A

Therefore glucose either oxidised to CO2 and energy production or fatty acid synthesis

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8
Q

What is the enzyme involved in the formation of acetyl CoA?

A

Pyruvate hydrogenase

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9
Q

What is pyruvate hydrogenase inhibited by?

A

Inhibited by NADH and acetyl CoA

Also regulated by phosphorylation by a kinase and phosphate because phosphorylation inhibits this enzyme

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10
Q

How is pyruvate dehydrogenase activated?

A

In muscle, pyruvate dehydrogenase is activated again via the action of a phosphate- this enzyme is stimulated by Ca2+

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11
Q

In the liver, what does adrenaline do?

A

In liver, adrenaline increases calcium through the activation of a adrenergic receptor and IP3

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12
Q

What does insulin stimulate in the liver and adipose tissue?

A

In liver and adipose tissue, Insulin stimulates the phosphate which funnels glucose to fatty acid synthesis

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13
Q

Enzyme involved in the formation of citrate and its reaction

A

Acetyl CoA reacts with oxaloacetate forming citrate using citrate synthase

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14
Q

Formation of alpha ketoglutarate

A

Isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate using Isocitrate dehydorgenase

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15
Q

What enzyme converts alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA

A

α-ketoglutarate is converted to Succinyl CoA by the enzyme α-keto gluterate dehydrogenase

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16
Q

List the negative regulators of the citric acid cycle

A

Negative regulators NADH, ATP and Acetyl CoA

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17
Q

What are negative regulators stimulated by?

A

Stimulated by ADP and pyruvate

18
Q

What deficiency cause Beriberi?

A

Deficiency in thiamine

19
Q

Where is Beriberi common?

A

Common where rice is a staple food

20
Q

What is Beriberi characterised by?

A

Characterised by cardiac and neurological symptoms.

21
Q

What is Thiamine a prosthetic group for?

A

Thiamine is a prosthetic group for pyruvate and α-ketogluterate dehydrogenase

22
Q

Why are neurological disorders in Beriberi common?

A

Neurological disorder are common as glucose is the primary source of energy

23
Q

What is the electron transport chain responsible for?

A

Responsible for producing ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

24
Q

What does NADH donate?

A

NADH will donate H atom which splits into proton and electron

25
Q

Where are the protons pumped?

A

Proton pumped into intermembrane space and electrons passed from complex to complex

26
Q

What happens to the electrons as they’re passed along the membrane?

A

Looses energy as its passed along which is required to pump out the protons

27
Q

In what condition are the protons pumped?

A

Protons pumped against their concentration gradient

28
Q

What happens to oxygen?

A

Oxygen is reduced and water is formed

29
Q

What does the concentration gradient generate?

A

Gradient generates ATP

30
Q

How many ATPs does every NADH form?

A

Every NADH forms 3 ATPs

31
Q

How many ATPs FADH 2 form?

A

2 ATPs

32
Q

How many H+ does NADH pump out?

A

Pumps out 10 H+

33
Q

How many H+ does FADH2 pump out?

A

Pump out 6 H+

34
Q

How is ATP generated across the membrane?

A

H+ ions pumped across membrane through ATP synthase to generate ATP

35
Q

What physiological reason is in new born infants?

A

• Physiological reason where gradient is uncoupled from production of ATP is in new born infants
○ In brown fat, protons are instead let through back into the matrix using a protein channel called thermogenin which generates heat instead of ATP.

36
Q

What type of disease is OXPHOS?

A

Degenerative disease

37
Q

What is OXPHOS disease caused by?

A

Caused by a mutation in genes encoding proteins of ETC

38
Q

What symptoms does OXPHOS disease lead to?

A

Lead to a number of symptoms including fatigue, epilepsy and dementia

39
Q

What are the metabolic consequences of OXPHOS disease?

A

Metabolic consequence can be congenital lactic acidosis

40
Q

When is the ETC stimulated?

A

When a cell requires ATP, the ETC is stimulated

41
Q

What is the ETC tightly coupled to?

A

Tightly coupled to phosphorylation

42
Q

What does regulation uncoupling lead to ?

A

Leads to the generation of heat

Fundamentals Of The Living Cell (31 decks)

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