Biological molecules

Question 1

Info of carbohydrates

Answer 1

• (CH2O)n
• Two types of monosaccarides:
• Keytone based –> Ketose
• Aldehyde based –> aldose

They have chiral centres and these are referred to as enantiomers.

Question 2

Glucose

Answer 2

• An aldose
• 6 C atoms: Hexose
• D configuration: if the hydroxyl group is on the right of the penultimate carbon away from the aldehyde or keytone then its a D config.
• L configuration: if the hydroxyl group is on the left of the penultimate carbon away from the aldehyde or keytone then its a L config.
• Exists in long chain and ring structures.

Question 3

Monomers which make up Sucrose

Answer 3

• Glucose and fructose

Question 4

Monomers which make up lactose

Answer 4

Galactose and glucose

Question 5

Info on glycogen

Answer 5

An aldose

6 C-atoms: hexose

Question 6

What is Glycosylation?

Answer 6

In which a carbohydrate is covalently bonded to an organic molecule to form structures like glycoproteins.

Question 7

What are oligosaccharides?

Answer 7

carbohydrates composed of a relatively small number of monosaccarides

Question 8

The different structures of proteins

Answer 8

Primary structure- Covalent bonds forming polymer
Secondary structure- Regular folded form like helics and sheets
Tertiary structure- Overall 3D structure, including forces like hydrogen bonds, hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bonds
Quaternary structure- Organisation of macromolecules

Question 9

Info of Body fats

Answer 9

• Predominantly as food reserves
• Glycerol esters of fatty acids
• Unsaturated(trans) H atoms opposite
• Unsaturated(Cis) H atoms same side

Question 10

How does cholesterol integrate into the membrane?

Answer 10

• OH groups interacting with the polar head

Its steroid scaffold interact with the fatty acids